Chapter 5 - Antibiotics and Contaminants

Question 1

MRSA

Answer 1

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Question 2

two types of MRSA

Answer 2

CA-MRSA: community aquired
HA-MRSA: hospital acquired

Question 3

major classes of antibiotics

Answer 3

• aminoglycosides
• beta-lactams
• tetracyclines
• glycopeptides
• macrolides
• sulfonamides
• ionophores

Question 4

WWTPs

Answer 4

Waste Water Treatment Plants

Question 5

What type of treatment includes solids settling and screening?

Answer 5

primary

Question 6

What type of treatment includes activated sludge, rotating biological contractors, and aerated lagoons?

Answer 6

secondary

Question 7

What type of treatment includes sand filtering or lagoons, and disinfection via chlorine or ozonation?

Answer 7

tertiary

Question 8

Antibiotic removal is most effective at removing what class of antibiotic?

Answer 8

tetracyclines

Question 9

Antibiotic removal is least effective at removing what class of antibiotics?

Answer 9

sulfamides

Question 10

What is the most effective secondary treatment?

Answer 10

activated sludge

Question 11

Which two antibiotics can be removed efficiently abiotically?

Answer 11

• tetracycline
• ciprofloxacin

Question 12

genes for aminoglycoside resistance

Answer 12

numerous

Question 13

genes for beta-lactam resistance

Answer 13

Bl2A-1

Question 14

genes for MLSb resistance (microlides)

Answer 14

ErmA-H

Question 15

genes for Multidrug transporters

Answer 15

Emr4

Question 16

genes for tetracycline resistance

Answer 16

Tet^a-l
Tet^m,o,q,t,w
Tet^x

Question 17

genes for sulfonamide resistance

Answer 17

Sul1-3

Question 18

genes for glycopeptide resistance

Answer 18

vanA-G

Question 19

modes of resistance for Bl2A-1

Answer 19

creates beta-lactamase that breaks ring open

Question 20

modes of resistance for ErmA-H

Answer 20

post-transcriptional methylation of the 23S ribosomal subunit

Question 21

modes of resistance for Emr4

Answer 21

multi-drug effix pump

Question 22

modes of resistance for Tet^a-l

Answer 22

efflux pump

Question 23

modes of resistance for Tet^m,o,q,t,w

Answer 23

ribosomal protection protein

Question 24

modes of resistance for Tet^x

Answer 24

oxioreductase, modifes tetracycline

Question 25

modes of resistance for Sul1-3

Answer 25

dihydroperoate synthase reisstant to inhibition

Question 26

modes of resistance for vanA-G

Answer 26

reisistant operon genes

Question 27

what is the range for excretion rates for hosehold wastes?

Answer 27

10%-95% | most have rates over 50%

Question 28

includes an anaerobic settling tank and some sort of dispersion into the vadose zone of soil

Answer 28

septic systems

Question 29

what kind of septic systems may improve the treatment of sulfamides

Answer 29

cluster sytems

Question 30

how is poultry manure treated and stored?

Answer 30

manure mixed with sawdust or other organic bedding and kept in dry stacks

Question 31

how is dairy manure treated and stored?

Answer 31

sand bedding, semi-solid manure, drained into settling basin

Question 32

how is beef manure treated and stored?

Answer 32

feedlots with runoff, flow into retention ponds or lagoons

Question 33

how is swine manure treated and stored?

Answer 33

underground holding basins and stored in lagoons

Question 34

what are lagoons?

Answer 34

treat tetracycline and sulfamides stay in aqueous phase

Question 35

what are sequencing batch reactors?

Answer 35

incorporate anaerobic treatment stage, aerobic treatment, and solids settling stage nearly completely treatm antibiotics and allow for capture of methane

Question 36

what can be added to sequencing batch reactors which results in the addition removal and treatment including bacteria?

Answer 36

Fenton's reagent (Fe and H2O2)

Question 37

where are antibiotics found in high levels in solids?

Answer 37

digestive system

Question 38

where are antibiotics found in high levels in the water column?

Answer 38

livestock lagoons

Question 39

antibiotic levels don't always correlate with the amount of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs)

Answer 39

Question 40

what are some environmental factors that do correlate with ARGs?

Answer 40

lead ammonia

Question 41

What is lead's R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?

Answer 41

R = 0.75

Question 42

What is ammonia's R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?

Answer 42

R = 0.69

Question 43

What is the total N R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?

Answer 43

R = 0.68

Question 44

What is the R value for total dissolved solids?

Answer 44

R^2 > 0.9 | Barkovskii