Chapter 5 - Metal Contaminants Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
- Varies in toxicity depending upon its chemical
form - A byproduct of refining gold and other metals
- A normal component of the earth’s crust
- Used in pesticides, wood preservatives, and
in manufacturing processes - Exposure can come from ingestion and
inhalation.
A
aresenic
2
Q
sources of arsenic
A
- wood preservative
- manufacture of ammunitions
- pesticides
- fertilizers
- combustion of fossil fuels
- animal feed additive
3
Q
standard for arsenic
A
10 micrograms per liter of drinking water
4
Q
health effects of arsenic exposure
A
- skin, bladder, kidney, and liver cancer when ingested
- lung cancer when inhaled
- periphreal vascular disease
- cerebrovascular disease
- cardiovascular disease
- biabetes
- pregnancy issues
5
Q
health effects of arsenic exposure
A
- GI distress
- decreased blood cell production
- periphery nervous disorders
- fetal malformations
- cancer
- Black-foot disease
6
Q
disease commonly associated with arsenic exposure
A
Black-foot disease
7
Q
- Used widely in industry because of its special
properties (lighter than aluminum and
stronger than steel) - Employees in the metal processing industry
most likely to be exposed - Inhalation is the most common method of
exposure - Class A carcinogen
A
beryllium
8
Q
sources of beryllium
A
- oil
- space and air crafts
- golf clubs
- dental bridges and plates
- relays and switches
- metal alloys
9
Q
health effects of beryllium exposure
A
- chronic beryllium disease
- shortness of breath
- persistent cough
- fatigue
- night sweats
- chest and joint pain
- loss of appetite
10
Q
- Occupational exposure comes
from the production of nickel batteries, zinc smelting, manufacture of paint
pigments, soldering, and from employment in
metal factories. - bioaccumulates in shellfish and is
found in some species of mushrooms
A
cadmium
11
Q
sources of cadmium
A
- automobile and aircraft construction
- burning of municiple waste
- rechargeable batteries
- solar cells
- phosphate fertilizers
- pigments for plastic
- cement
12
Q
health effects of cadmium exposure
A
- Osteoporosis in women
- Height loss in men
- Kidney damage
- Elevated blood pressure
- Cardiovascular diseases
- “Itai-Itai” disease (after a Japanese word
meaning “severe pain” in the joints and spine)
13
Q
health effects of cadmium exposure
A
- GI distress
- kidney damage/failure
- decreased fetal birth weight
- inhibition of spermatogenesis
- respiratory system damage
- fragile bones
- amenia
14
Q
disease commonly associated with cadmium exposure
A
Itai-Itai disease
15
Q
Naturally occurring element in the earth’s
crust (e.g., in rocks, soils, and materials of
volcanic origin)
A
chromium
16
Q
most common forms of chromium
A
- chromium (0)
- chromium (III)
- chromium (VI)
17
Q
form of chromium that is an essential nutrient
A
chromium (III)
18
Q
form of chromium that is a carcinogen
A
chromium (VI)
19
Q
health effects of chromium (VI) exposure
A
- Digestive problems
- kidney and liver damage
- skin ulcers
- respiratory problems, for example,
nose bleeds, perforation of the nasal septum,
and runny nose.
20
Q
as pH increases, what happens to the % sorped of chromium?
A
it decreases
21
Q
- naturally ocurring metal that is highly toxic
- released as a by-product of industrial processes
- microorganisms can transfer small amounts
A
mercury
22
Q
sources of mercury
A
industrial processes
23
Q
health effects of mercury exposure
A
- at low levels, is a hazard because it become deposited in lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water
- can be ingested from exposed fish
- Mad Hatter syndrome - excitability, delirium, hallucinations
- Minamata diseas - trembling, loss of motor control, partial paralysis (methylmercury)
24
Q
sources of lead
A
- leaded gasoline
- tap water from soldered pipes
- painted surfaces on older buildings
25
health effects of lead exposure
* central nervous system (CNS) effects
* lead poisoning
26
sources of nickel
* constituents of the earth's crust
* production of appliances and tools
* nickel-cadmium batteries
27
health effects of nickel exposure
* nickel allergy
* cardiovascular-related and renal diseases
* fibrosis of the lungs
* carcinogenic action
28
sources of copper
* electrical wiring
* cookware
* metal alloys
* paint
* fungicide
* landfill leachate
29
health effects of copper exposure
* irritation of nose and throat
* nausea and vomiting
* kidney and liver damage
* growth inhibition
* leaf chlorosis
30
What soil type has the highest heavy metal binding capacity (HMBC)?
Georgia clay
31
how does biotransformation occur in plants?
chelation and complexation
32
what mechanisms allow microorganisms to break down heavy metals?
reduction and oxidation
33
* cystein-rich proteins
* low molecular weight
metallothioneins
34
* non-ribosomally synthesized proteins
* consist only of glutamine, cysteine, and glycine
phytochelatins
35
what do metallothioneins and phytochelatins do for plants and animals?
* transport intert heavy metals to plant vacuoles for storage
* transport heavy metals to the kidneys for excretion
36
how do crustaceans help reduce toxicity?
store heavy metals in concentrations in the hepatopancreas
37
what does bacteria and fungi efficiently transform metals in to?
micronutrients
38
how do bacteria and fungi efficiently transform metals into micronutrients?
ligand exchange and oxidation-reduction
39
through what mechanism is Mn (II) transformed into Mn (IV)?
oxidation
40
through what mechanism is Fe (II) transformed into Fe (III)?
oxidation
41
through what mechanism is Co (III) transformed into Co (II)?
reduction
42
through what mechanism is AsO2^- transformed into AsO2^4-?
reduction
43
through what mechanism is Se^0 transformed into SeO3^2?
oxidation
44
through what mechanism is As (III) transformed into As (V)?
arsentite -> arsenate
oxidation
| aresenic oxiding bacteria
45
all aresenic oxidizers contains the As (III) oxidase gene ____.
aoxB
| helps catalyze arsenite oxidation
46
What metal is required by most organisms in cellular functions but is toxic in high concentrations?
selenium (Se IV)
47
What can Cromium be reduced to?
it can be reduced from Cr (VI) to Cr (III)
