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Environmental Toxicology > Chapter 5 - Supplemental II > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Supplemental II Flashcards

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1
Q

chemicals that dissolve other substances

A

solvents

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2
Q

petroleum refineries, chemical industry degreasing metals in electronic industries, dry cleaning textiles

A

Cleaning synthesizing chemicals

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3
Q

Most organic solvents affect the ____ mainly causes damage to the ____. Can also cause cancer: non-chlorinated, chlorinated

A

central nervous system (CNS)
liver and kidney

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4
Q

What affects does BTEX have on the body?

A
  • dizziness
  • unconsciousness
  • anemia
  • leukemia./CNS damage
  • eye and throats irritation
  • headaches
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5
Q

List some non-chlorinated solvents.

A
  • benzene
  • toulene
  • ethylbenzene
  • xylene
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6
Q

List some chlorinated solvents.

A
  • TCE
  • PCE
  • TCA
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7
Q

____ pollution in groundwater is a worldwide problem that can result in uptake and accumulation of toxic chemicals in food chains and harm the species circulation of affected habitats. Leaks are estimated to occur at 1/3 of all underground motor fuel storage facilities, causing significant groundwater contamination.

A

BTEX

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8
Q

Which two factors are biodegraded by sorption?

A

environmental and chemical

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9
Q

Microbial Detoxification of BTEX Under Aerobic Conditions

Benzene

A

inserts 2 hydroxyl groups (benzene dioxygenase)
benzene-cis-glycol
TCA cycle

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10
Q

Microbial Detoxification of BTEX Under Aerobic Conditions

Tolene

A

Inserts 1 hydroxyl group (tolene oxygenate)
benzyl alcohol
TCA cycle

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11
Q

Microbial Detoxification of BTEX Under Aerobic Conditions

M-eylene

A

inserts 1 hydroxyl group (xylene oxidase)
3-methyl benzyl alcohol
TCA cycle

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12
Q

What are the two metabolites of PCE?

A
  • trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE)
  • vinyl chloride (VC)
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13
Q

What is special about the metabolites created from PCE?

A

they are more toxic than the parent compound due to microbial degradation

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14
Q

What is the path of microbial degradation of PCE?

A

TCE > trans-1,2-DCE > VC

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15
Q

Chlorinated solvents can be degraded by abiotic and microbial reactions into what terminal products?

A
  • CO2
  • H2O
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16
Q

What is the major pathway of TCE and by what process?

A

TCE > DCE (isotopes) > VC > ethylene

hydrogenolysis

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17
Q

How is PCA transformed into TCE?

A

dehydrochlorination

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18
Q

What is the pathway of transformation of PCA?

A

PCA > 112 TCA > 12DCA > chloroethane > ethane

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19
Q

How is PCA transformed into cis-12DCE and trans-12DCE?

A

dichloroelimination

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20
Q

How is 112TCA transformed into VC?

A

dichloroelimination

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21
Q

Dehydrochlorination of tetrachloroethane will lead to…
a) trichloroethane
b) DCE
c) VC
d) trichloroethylene

A

d) trichloroethylene

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22
Q

chemicals used to make plastics plastic

A

phthalate plasticizers

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23
Q

What chemical is present in some plastic products?

A

bisphenol A

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24
Q

What does the phthalate family include?

A
  • DEHP
  • DINP
  • DBP, DEP, DMP
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25
What problems do phthalate plasticizers and disphenol A induce in the body?
endocrine distruption
26
any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, weeds, and a host of other unwanted organisms
pesticides
27
a pesticide compound specifically used to kill or prevent the growth of insects
insecticide
28
a chemical pesticide designed to control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses
Herbicide
29
a pesticide that is used to control, deter, or destroy fungi
fungicide
30
chemical agent that is destructive to nematodes
nematocide
31
chemical or agent used to destroy rats or other rodent pests, or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, etc
rodentocide
32
What is the most prominently used ingredient in pesticides?
glyphosate | herbicide
33
What are the major classes of pesticides and insecticides?
* **organophosphates** (OP) * **organocarbamates** (carbamates) * **organochlorides** * **pyrethroids**
34
Most persistent pesticides are those that have complex structures including ____ and multiple ____ groups attached to them.
aromatic rings; halogen
35
an enzyme found primarily at nerve endings that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline
cholinesterase
36
What are the **acute effects** of organophospahte poisoning?
anticholinesterase activity happens soon after exposure and causes impairment of the **neural** impulse transfer mechanism
37
What are the **long term effects** of organophospahte poisoning?
* organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy * numbness, loss of sensory abilities, weakness
38
What are some examples of organophosphates?
* diazinon * malathion * methyl parathion * parathion
39
Where do **organophosphates** appear?
sprays, baits, indoor foggers and bombs, flea collars, pet shampoos, powders, animal dips, and granules
40
Which organophosphate has been approved for direct application to food crops such as fruits, row crops, and vegetables?
malathion
41
# Name the organophospahte * Degrades rapidly by hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis * Found in surface waters * Rapidly absorbed, transformed, and excreted if ingested
malathion
42
What can malathion be degraded to?
succinate
43
# Name the organophosphate * Close relatives of the organophosphate pesticides * Dissipate quickly from the environment as a result of breaking down into other substances * Some are approved for controlling garden pests (e.g., wasps, hornets, and snails). * An ingredient in some products applied to furry pets to control ticks and fleas
carbamates
44
What are some examples of carbamates?
* carbaryl (Sevin) * aldicarb * fenoxycarb * propoxur * metam sodium
45
an intermediate chemical used for the manufacture of carbamate pesticides
methyl isocyanate (MIC)
46
What are the acute effects of exposure to MIC?
extremely toxic to life forms
47
What chemical was accidentally released in India in 1984 that killed more than 3,800 people?
methyl isocyanate (MIC)
48
49
What are the toxic products of microbial degradation of carbamates?
* 5-hydroxy carbaryl * 5-hydroxy propxur * methiocarb sulfoxide * aldicarb sulfoxide
50
Derived from chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are chemical compounds that contains chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen
organochlorines
51
* Characteristically stable and fat-soluble; persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in the food chain * Associated with suppression of the immune system and cancer
organochlorines
52
What are some examples of organochlorine pesticides?
* DDT * Lindane * Chlordane * Mirex * Hexachlorobenzene * Methoxychlor
53
What are some examples of herbicides and defoliants?
* atrazine * simazine * paraquat * 2,4-D * 2,4,5-T
54
What unstable compound is a product of the microbial degradation of **simazine**?
cyanuric acid
55
* Derived from natural sources--certain varieties of chrysanthemum flowers * Have great ability to paralyze and kill flying insects * Interfere with transmission of neural impulses via action on sodium channels
pyrethrins
56
What molecular pathways does pyrethrins interfere with?
transmission of neural impulses via action on sodium channels
57
What are some examples of industrial organic contaminants?
* petroleum hydrocarbons * perchlorate * PCBs * PCDDs
58
Which of the following elements are not found in Malathion? a) H b) C c) O d) Cl c) S
d) chloride (Cl)
59
What are the different mechanisms of microbial degradation of carbamates?
* dealkylation (N and O) * hydroxylation * sulfoxidation —> hydroxylation: N-methyl
60
# Microbial Detoxification of 2,4-D The intermediate is ____ which is broken into two different pathways. The difference between the two is where the ring is broken
4-Chlorocatechol
61
A total of ____ compounds in the dioxin family are known to exist.
419
62
What human activities produce dioxins?
* Incineration of industrial and municipal wastes * Burning of some fuels * Bleaching of wood pulp for paper manufacturing process * Manufacture and application of some herbicides such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid,etc.
63
What are the health effects of exposure to dioxine?
* Chloracne * Skin rashes * Skin discoloration * Growth of excessive body hair * Liver damage * Possible cancer risks * Endocrine effects * Reproductive and developmental effects
64
Composed of condensed aromatic rings with 1-8 chlorine substituents
PCDD
65
Sometimes ____ (and its metabolites) is called an endocrine disruptor, meaning that it acts as an antagonist to androgen
DDT
66
What is an estrogen-mimicking compound in plants?
phytoestrogens
67
What is an estrogen-mimicking compound in fungi?
mycoestrogens
68
What is an estrogen-mimicking compound in humans?
xenoestrogens
69
____ have been shown to accelerate the growth of neoplastic cells, especially in the breasts. - Most important compounds are known as flavonoids - They give flowers their distinct color
phytoestrogens
70
What are the most important compounds of phytoestrogens?
flavonoids
71
What are some serious health problems which are associated with xenoestrogens?
* birth defects * sterility in men * cancer * immunosuppression

Environmental Toxicology (9 decks)

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