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Environmental Toxicology > Chapter 5 - Part II > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Part II Flashcards

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1
Q

Prior to the 1940s, what were the metals commonly found in pesticides?

A
  • arsenic
  • mercury
  • copper
  • lead
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2
Q

What are the current replacements for metals in pesticides?

A
  • organophosphorus compounds (malathion & diazinon)
  • carbamates
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3
Q

In 2001, this was the most common pesticide detected in drinking water.

A

Atrazine

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4
Q

Atrazine was banned in the EU in what year?

A

2004

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5
Q

How is Atrazine toxic to the environment?

A
  • degrades slowly in groundwater
  • primarily nitrogen source for microbes
  • carcinogen
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6
Q

What is the pesticide that degrades via hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis?

A

Malathion

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7
Q

How is Malathion toxic to the environment?

A
  • found in surface waters
  • rapidly absorbed, biotransformed, and excreted if ingested
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8
Q

What is the biotransfored compound that can form from Malathion?

A

succinate

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9
Q

How is DDT transformed into DDE and DDD?

A

-HCl
H2 -> HCL

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10
Q

What properties of DDT make it easily transported through the environment?

A
  • hydrophobic
  • persistent
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11
Q

What are some industrial contaminants?

A
  • petroleum hydrocarbons
  • perchlorate
  • heavy metals
  • PCBs
  • Bisphenol A
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12
Q

What is the process of oil’s fate as it travels through aquatic environments?

A

1) physical transport
2) dissolution
3) evaporation
4) emulsification
5) oxidation and destruction
6) sedimentation
7) microbial degradation

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13
Q

What do effluents contain?

A
  • ammonia
  • sulfides
  • phenol
  • hydrocarbons
  • heavy metals
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13
Q

What do oil refineries produce?

A

crude oil

contains BTEX

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14
Q

What are some treatments for effluents?

A
  • flocculation
  • sedimentation
  • activated sludge
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14
Q

What do effluents have that makes them more toxic and persistent than crude oil?

A

polycyclic aromatics

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15
Q

What is found in rocket fuels, explosives, and some fertilizers?

A

perchlorate

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16
Q

Why is perchlorate so toxic to the environment?

A
  • dissolve easily and infiltrate ground water
  • can accumulate in crops
  • persistent with high activation energy
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17
Q

What is another form of perchlorate?

A

ammonium perchlorate

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18
Q

What part of the body is most affected by perchlorate?

A

thyroid

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19
Q

What river system has been found to be contaminated by perchlorate?

Study These Flashcards
A

the Colorado River

20
Q

What is the bioremediation process for perchlorate?

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A

perchlorate -> chlorate -> chlorite -> chloride

21
Q

Name the toxin

  • banned in the US in 1979
  • banned at Stockholm convention in 2001
  • structurally similar to dioxins
Study These Flashcards
A

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

22
Q

Why is PCBs toxic to the environment?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • carcinogen & endocrine disruptor
  • still present in landfills and degrade slowly
  • microbial detoxification through reductive dechlorination or dioxygenase enzymes
23
What are some examples of heavy metals?
* Cadmium (Cd2+) * Mercury (Hg2+) * Lead (Pb2+) * Argon (ArO2-)
24
What do bacteria and fungi efficiently transform metals in to?
micronutrients
25
Through what processes do bacteria and fungi transform heavy metals?
* ligand exchange * oxidation * reduction
26
# What is this? * makes polycarbonate (PC) * plastics * epoxy resins * pesticides
Bisphenol A-BPA
27
What is the acute toxicity of Bisphenol A-BPA?
1-10 microgram/mL
28
What are the adverse effects of Bisphenol A-BPA on the body?
endocrine distruptor and xenoestrogen
29
What are the major metabolites of Bisphenol A-BPA?
* BPA glucuronide * BPA sulfate
30
How many pharmaceutically active compounds are present and used in medicine?
3000
31
Where is one place where antibiotics and hormones can come from?
livestock
32
Mixture of organic matter and inorganic matters (silica, clay water and air)
soil
33
Chemicals can move in a medium and undergo ____ reactions, also transported to plant and animal life.
chemical
34
What is an **intentional** addition of chemicals to the soil? What is and **uninentional** additions of chemicals to the soil?
**intentional**: fertilizer/pesticides **unintentional**: chemical leaks/spills
35
The more the solution concentration, the ____ the pH
higher
36
With increase of the pH, at different concentrations, there will be a ____ to cross where it will become more soluble.
threshold
37
There is a difference in the structure of chlorines. When a chlorine is removed, the sorbed concentration ____.
lowers
38
Some basic components of soil tend to have a ____ line to it on a graph showing a gradual and high volume of sorption. Acidic components of soil tend to have a short, ____ line.
curved; straight
39
Chemicals can be absorbed through the what parts of aquatic animals?
* lungs * skin * gills
40
In the biosphere, direct absorption from environmental medium can result in ____ or ____.
* bioaccumulation * bioconcentration
41
the portion present within a medium this is potentially available for direct uptake by the organism.
bioavailability
42
High bioavailability leads to…
* **bioaccumulation** in organisms * **migration** through food chains * **biotransformation**
43
Lipophilic and environmentally persistent chemicals such as DDT can be stored and accumulated in fatty tissue compartments.
bioconcentration
44
equal to the concentration of the pollutant in an organism divided by its concentration in the water or environmental matrix.
bioconcentration factor (BCF)
45
How us the bioconcentration factor (BCF) calculated?
Calculated from ratio of the toxicant concentration in the whole animal at steady state, to its concentration in its environment.
46
What are the steps which an external exposure must take to reach it's target? | beginning in the soil
soil > ingestion > dissolution > absorption > reduction > target
47
What factors affect a popultion growth positively and which affect it negatively?
**positively**: natality, immigration **negatively**: emigration/mortality
48
study
**mild**: resistent individuals, minimal effect **response to same dose**: majority, average **severe**: sensitive individuals, maximal effect

Environmental Toxicology (9 decks)

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