Chapter 5 Grammar 2 Flashcards
1
Q
definition of the past subjunctive (or imperfect subjunctive)
A
- the subjunctive mood is used in a subordinate clause to express events that are outside the speaker’s realm of knowledge or experience
- when the timeframe for these events is the present, the present subjunctive is used
- when the timeframe for these events is the past, the past/imperfect subjunctive is used
2
Q
imperfect subjunctive form
A
- all past subjunctive forms are based on ellos forms of the preterit
- the third person plural ending -ron is dropped and replaced by the past subjunctive ending -ra
- all nosotros/as forms of the past subjunctive require a written accent mark
3
Q
hablar
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to speak ellos form of the preterit: hablaron hablara hablaras hablara habláramos hablarais hablaran
4
Q
comer
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to eat ellos form of the preterit: comieron comiera comieras comiera comiéramos comierais comieran
5
Q
vivir
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to live ellos form of the preterit: vivieron viviera vivieras viviera viviéramos vivierais vivieran
6
Q
- irregularities in the ellos forms of the preterit (also appear in the past subjunctive):
- when the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel…
A
- ieron become yeron in the preterit.
- this same change appears in the past subjunctive
7
Q
leer
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to read ellos form of the preterit: leyeron leyera leyeras leyera leyéramos leyerais leyeran
8
Q
- irregularities in the ellos forms of the preterit (also appear in the past subjunctive):
- ir verbs with a stem-change in the preterit…
A
- e to -i
- o to -u
- have the same stem-change in the past subjunctive
9
Q
pedir
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to ask for / to order ellos form of the preterit: pidieron pidiera pidieras pidiera pidiéramos pidierais pidieran
10
Q
morir
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to die ellos form of the preterit: murieron muriera murieras muriera muriéramos murierais murieran
11
Q
verbs with irregular or “strong” stems in the preterit…
A
…show these same patterns in the past subjunctive
12
Q
haber
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to have ellos form of the preterit: hubieron hubiera hubieras hubiéramos hubiera hubierais hubieran
13
Q
hacer
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to do/make ellos form of the preterit: hicieron hiciera hicieras hiciera hiciéramos hicierais hicieran
14
Q
tener
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to have ellos form of the preterit: tuvieron tuviera tuvieras tuviera tuviéramos tuvierais tuvieran
15
Q
ser
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to be ellos form of the preterit: fueron fuera fueras fuera fuéramos fuerais fueran
16
Q
decir
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to say / to tell ellos form of the preterit: dijeron dijera dijeras dijera dijéramos dijerais dijeran
17
Q
como si
A
- as if, as though
- the past subjunctive is always used after the expression “como si”
18
Q
ojalá que
A
- I wish, if only
- the past subjunctive rarely appears in a main clause, except when this begins with ojalá que
19
Q
a few verbs are used in the past subjunctive in a main clause to make polite requests or statements
A
- querer
- poder
- deber
20
Q
querer
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to want ellos form of the preterit: quisieron quisiera quisieras quisiera quisiéramos quisierais quisieran
21
Q
poder
imperfect subjunctive form
A
should / be able to ellos form of the preterit: pudieron pudiera pudieras pudiera pudiéramos pudierais pudieran
22
Q
deber
imperfect subjunctive form
A
to owe / should ellos form of the preterit: debieron debiera debieras debiera debiéramos debierais debieran
23
Q
An “if” clause
A
- begins with the word “si”
- states a condition
- as a dependent clause, must be paired with an independent or resultant clause to form a complete sentence, regardless of which clause is ordered first
24
Q
There are three types of situations conveyed by “if” clauses using simple tenses:
A
- habitual
- probable
- hypothetical (or improbable, contrary to fact)
25
An "if" clause: To express a habitual condition and result, whether in the present or the past timeframe...
...the indicative (present, preterite, imperfect, conditional, future) is used in both the "if" clause and the resultant clause.
26
An "if" clause: To express a probable (or possible) condition and result (in other words, a situation that may or can still occur)...
...the indicative is used in both the "if" clause (in the present tense) and the resultant clause (in the present tense, future tense, or command form).
27
An "if" clause: To express a hypothetical (or improbable) condition and result (i.e., a situation that is contrary to fact or most likely will or would not occur)...
...the past subjunctive is used in the "if" clause and the conditional tense is used in the resultant clause.
28
dormir
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to sleep
ellos form of the preterit: durmieron
durmiera
durmieras
durmiera
durmiéramos
durmierais
durmieran
```
29
ir
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to go
ellos form of the preterit: fueron
fuera
fueras
fuera
fuéramos
fuerais
fueran
```
30
estar
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to be
ellos form of the preterit: estuvieron
estuviera
estuvieras
estuviera
estuviéramos
estuvierais
estuvieran
```
31
creer
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to believe
ellos form of the preterit: creyeron
creyera
creyeras
creyera
creyéramos
creyerais
creyeran
```
32
vestir
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to wear
ellos form of the preterit: vistieron
vistiera
vistieras
vistiera
vistiéramos
vistierais
vistieran
```
33
When the timeframe for a main clause that triggers the subjunctive is the present tense, the future tense, or a command...
...the subordinate clause requires the present subjunctive.
34
When the main clause timeframe is the past tense, whether in the preterit or the imperfect...
...the subordinate clause requires the past subjunctive.
35
volver
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to return
ellos form of the preterit: volvieron
volviera
volvieras
volviera
volviéramos
volvierais
volvieran
```
36
ver
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to see / to watch
ellos form of the preterit: vieron
viera
vieras
viera
viéramos
vierais
vieran
```
37
entender
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to understand
ellos form of the preterit: entendieron
entendiera
entendieras
entendiera
entendiéramos
entendierais
entendieran
```
38
traer
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to bring
ellos form of the preterit: trajeron
trajera
trajeras
trajera
trajéramos
trajerais
trajeran
```
39
An "if" clause in the present tense describes...
...a condition that is possible or probable.
40
An "if" clause in the present tense requires...
...a result clause in the future tense.
41
saber
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to know
ellos form of the preterit: supieron
supiera
supieras
supiera
supiéramos
supierais
supieran
```
42
escoger
| imperfect subjunctive form
```
to choose
ellos form of the preterit: escogieron
escogiera
escogieras
escogiera
escogiéramos
escogierais
escogieran
```
