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Bio 206 > Chapter 5; Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5; Histology Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protect deeper tissue
produce secretions
excrete waste
absorb chemicals
filter substances selectively
sense stimuli

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2
Q

What is the matrix composed of

A

fibrous proteins
clear gel called ground substance

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3
Q

basement layer

A

layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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4
Q

basal surface

A

surface of cell facing basement membrane

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5
Q

apical surface

A

surface of cell facing away from basement membrane

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6
Q

simple epithelia characteristics

A

one layer
named by shape
all cells touch basement membrane

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7
Q

stratified epithelium characteristics

A

contain more than one layer
named by shape of apical cells

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8
Q

goblet cells

A

wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia

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9
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single row of thin flaky cells
permits rapid diffusion
secretes serous fluid
alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa

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10
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of square/round cells
absorption/secretion, mucus production and movement
liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

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11
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

oval nuclei in basal 1/2
may possess goblet cells
absorption and secretion of mucus
lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

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12
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

looks multilayered but all cells touch the basement membrane
has long cilia and goblet cells
secrets and propels mucus
respiratory tract and portions of the male urethra

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13
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

most widespread
daughter cells become flatter as they push up, die, and flake off
keratinized and non-keratinized

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14
Q

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

water resistant, dead and compressed
precents water loss
look at apical layer, breakage/airy areas -> dead cells

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15
Q

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

lack dead cell layer
cells at the top flatter but still nucleated

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16
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

2 or more cell layers of cuboidal epithelium
secretes sweat, produces sperm, and ovarian hormones
sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

rare
upper cells shaped more like columnar, lower squished and resembles cuboidal
secretion and protection
lining of respiratory tract, ureter, and oviduct among other locations

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18
Q

transitional epithelium

A

multilayered epithelium, changed from round to flat when stretched
umbrella cells prevent osmosis and look puffed up when not distended

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19
Q

umbrella cells

A

allow for filling of urinary tract by preventing osmosis
found on transitional epithelium

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20
Q

functions of connective tissue, tendons and ligaments

A

binding of organs

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21
Q

functions of connective tissue, support

A

bones and cartilage

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22
Q

functions of connective tissue, cranium, ribs, and sternum

A

physical protection

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23
Q

functions of connective tissue, white blood cells

A

immune protection

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24
Q

functions of connective tissue, bone lever system

A

movement

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25
functions of connective tissue, fat, calcium, phosphorous
storage
26
functions of connective tissue, metabolism of brown fat in infants
heat production
27
functions of connective tissue blood
transport
28
fibroblasts
cells of fibrous connective tissue produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
29
macrophages
cells of fibrous connective tissue phagocyte foreign material and activate immune system when they sense antigens
30
leukocytes
cells of fibrous connective tissue white blood cells include neutrophils and lymphocytes
31
neutrophils
WBC's that attack bacteria
32
lymphocytes
WBC's that react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents plasma cells arise from
33
plasma cells
cells of fibrous connective tissue synthesize antibodies (proteins) arise from lymphocytes
34
mast cells
cells of fibrous connective tissue often found alongside blood vessels secrete heparin (inhibits clotting) and histamine (dilates blood vessels)
35
Adipocytes
cells of fibrous connective tissue store triglycerides (fat molecules)
36
Collagenous fibers
fibers of connective tissue most abundant of the bodies proteins tough, flexible, and resistant to stretching
37
Reticular fibers
fibers of connective tissue thin collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins framework of spleen and lymph nodes look like broken rubber bands
38
Elastic fibers
fibers of connective tissue thinner than collagen branch and region, allow stretch and recoil made of elastin look like rubber bands
39
components of ground substance
Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate, and adhesion proteins (fibronectin)
40
loose connective tissue
much gel-like substance between cells areolar and reticular
41
dense connective tissue
fibers fill space between cells regular and irregular
42
areolar connective tissue
loose contains all six cell types fibers in random directions, "dumped out toy chest" found everywhere allows nutrients to epithelial tissue underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
43
reticular connective tissue
loose mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bones marrow looks like snapped rubber bands
44
dense regular connective tissue
densely packed, parallel collagen fibers compressed fibroblast nuclei elastic tissue forms wavy sheets tendons and ligaments
45
what do tendons connect
muscles to bones
46
what do ligaments connect
bones to bones
47
dense irregular connective tissue
randomly arranged collagen fibers withstand unpredictable stress deep layer of skin, capsules around organs
48
adipose
primary energy reservoir don't stain so dye stains area around it white and brown fat
49
white fat
main type (adult fat) insulation and energy composes body contours
50
brown fat
heat generating
51
chondroblasts
building cells of cartilage
52
chondrocytes
cartilage cells
53
perichondrium
irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage
54
hyaline cartilage
clear and glassy appearance bc of fine collagen fibers ease joint movement, holds breath way open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones
55
elastic cartilage
abundance of elastic fibers covered with perichondrium, flexible/elastic support external ear and epiglottis
56
fibrocartilage
more collagen fibers -> stiffness resists compression and absorbs shock pubic symphysis, menisci, and invertebral discs
57
spongy bone
trabeculae: bone surrounded by red bone marrow no cellular organization
58
compact bone
solid, dense osteon: basic unit of structure
59
osteon
central canal with surrounding lamellae
60
osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae
61
canaliculi
canals radiating from lacuna to neighbors, allows osteocytes to contact
62
periosteum
tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone
63
blood
liquid connective tissue delivers nutrients/gas diffusion
64
plasma
blood's ground substance
65
erythrocytes
RBC's
66
leukocytes
WBC's
67
platelets
cell fragments that assist with clotting
68
nervous and muscle tissue are both
excitable, respond to stimuli with a change in membrane potential
69
nervous tissue; neurons and neuroglia
specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals neurons receive stimuli, respond, and transmit neuroglia protect and assist neurons (more numerous than neurons)
70
muscular tissue
elongated tissue specialized to contract
71
skeletal muscle
long thin cells, most attached to bone multiple nuclei adjacent to the plasma membrane striated, voluntary
72
cardiac muscle
limited to the heart branched and shorter than skeletal muscle ends joined by discs striated, involuntary
73
smooth muscle
fusiform myocytes lacking striations relatively short cells with a central nucleus involuntary, most visceral muscle
74
tight junction
transmembrane cell adhesion proteins difficult for substances to pass between cells
75
desmosomes
patch that holds cells together keeps from pulling apart J shaped hook proteins hold hands
76
hemodesmosomes
1/2 desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane
77
gap junctions
ring like connexons allows for communication between cells
78
hyperplasia
growth through cell multiplication
79
hypertrophy
enlargement of preexisting cells ex: muscle growth through exercise, or the accumulation of fat
80
neoplasia
development of a tumor (neoplasm)
81
differentiation
development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
82
metaplasia
changing from one type of mature tissue to another
83
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells
84
developmental plasticity
ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types
85
embryonic stem cells
pluripotent: can develop into any type of cell in the embryo
86
adult stem cells
undifferentiated cells found in mature organs multipotent or unipotent
87
tissue regeneration
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before
88
fibrosis
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue holds organs together but does not restore function
89
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue causing decreasing cell size or number senile or disuse
90
necrosis
pathological tissue death from trauma, toxins, or infection infarction or gangrene
91
infarction
sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
92
gangrene
tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually involves infection)
93
Decubitus ulcur
bed sore or pressure sore form of dry gangrene where continual pressure on skin of immobilized patient cuts off blood flow
94
apoptosis
programmed cell death normal death of cells, phagocytized by macrophages and other cells

Bio 206 (4 decks)

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