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Bio 206 > Chapter 6; Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6; Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (not part of skin but associated with it)

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2
Q

Characteristics and location of thick skin

A

sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
covers front of hands and bottoms of feet

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3
Q

Characteristics and location of thin skin

A

possess hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands
covers the rest of the body

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4
Q

Functions of the skin

A

resists trauma and infection, vitamin D synthesis, other barrier functions, sensation, thermoregulation, and nonverbal communication

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5
Q

What tissue is the epidermis made of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated, give rise to keratinocytes
in deepest layer of epidermis

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7
Q

keratinocytes

A

majority of epidermal cells, synthesize keratin

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation
occur only in stratum basale
have branches that spread among keratinocytes and distribute melanin

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9
Q

tactile cells

A

touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers
basal layer of the epidermis

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10
Q

dendritic cells

A

macrophages originating in bone marrow
found in stratum spinosum and granulosum

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11
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest epidermal layer
single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes on the basement membrane
also contains a few melanocytes and tactile cells

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12
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes and tight junctions
also contains some dendritic cells
named after spiny shape

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13
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3 to 5 layers of flat keratinocytes
cells contain dark staining keratohyalin granules
hydrophobic

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14
Q

stratum luciderm

A

thin, pale layer only in thick skin
keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin

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15
Q

stratum corneum

A

several layers (up to 30) of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
resist abrasion, penetration, and water loss

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16
Q

life of a keratinocyte

A

produced by mitosis of stem cells in the stratum basale or mitosis of keratinocytes in deepest part of stratum spinosum (requires abundant oxygen and nutrients)
new push older to the surface
begin to flatten over time and produce more keratin and membrane coating
in 30-40 days exfoliates as dander

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17
Q

calluses or corns

A

thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on hands or feet

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18
Q

4 important events in stratum granulosum

A

1.keratohyalin granules release filaggrin which binds keratin into tough bundles
2.cells produce tough envelop proteins beneath membrane
3.membrane-coating vesicles release lipid mixture, waterproofing cells
4.keratinocytes’ organelles degenerate and cells die

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19
Q

epidermal water barrier is created by

A

water retention fostered by tight junctions between cells and water proofing in stratus granulosum

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20
Q

dermal papilae

A

upward finger like projections of dermis

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21
Q

epidermal ridges

A

downward waves of epidermis, prominent waves on fingers produce friction ridges of finger prints

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22
Q

papillary layer

A

layer of dermis
“superficial zone”
thin zone of areolar tissue
allows mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells
rich in small blood vessels

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23
Q

reticular layer

A

layer of dermis
deeper and thicker layer
consists of dense, irregular connective tissue

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24
Q

what are stretch marks?

A

stretching of skin due to increase of cortisone from rapid growth
cortisone increases probability and severity bc reduces skin pliability

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25
hypodermis
subcutaneous with more areolar and adipose tissue pads body and binds skin to underlying tissue many blood vessels
26
subcutaneous fat
energy reservoir, thermal insulation thicker in women and thinner in infants
27
eumelanin
brownish black skin pigment
28
phomelanin
reddish yellow pigment contains sulfur
29
the melanin of people with lighter skin
is clumped near keratinocyte nucleus little seen beyond stratum basale
30
hemoglobin and carotene
also influence skin color reddish pinkish/yellow carotene concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat
31
pilus/pili
another name for hair pili -> singular
32
lanugo
fine downy unpigmented hair on fetuses
33
vellus
fine pile hair the replaces lanugo by time of birth all hair of children (not eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp)
34
terminal
longer, coarser and more heavily pigmented hair eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp axillary and pubic hair
35
bulb
swelling at the base where hair originates, only living cells are in or near
36
root
remainder of hair follicle
37
shaft
portion of hair above the skins surface
38
dermalpailla
bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb only source of nutrition for hair
39
hair matrix
region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla hair growth center
40
follicle
diagonal tube hair sits in, extends into dermis
41
hair receptors
sensory nerve fibers entwining follicles
42
piloerector muscle
arrector pili smooth muscle attaching follicle to dermis
43
medulla (hair)
center of the hair core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces
44
cortex (hair)
bulk of the hair around the medulla several layers of elongated keratinized cells
45
cuticle (hair)
multiple layers of thin scaly overlapping cells that surrounds the cortex of the hair
46
hair texture is related to
the cross section shape of the hair straight -> round wavy -> oval curly -> relatively flat
47
hair color is due to
hair pigment granules in the cells of the cortex
48
anagen
1st stage of hair growth cycle growth stage 90% of scalp follicles at any time
49
catagen
2nd stage of hair growth cycle mitosis in the matrix stops and cells below the buldge die base of hair keratinizes into a hard club (club hair) easily pulled out by brushing
50
telogen
3rd stage of hair growth cycle resting stage
51
alopecia
thinning or baldness
52
pattern baldness
loss from select regions dominant in males. expressed when testosterones is high
53
hirsutism
excessive undesirable hairiness
54
functions of hair
most hair on limbs and trunk vestigial alert to bugs, retain heat, protect from the sun, signify sexual maturity
55
guard hairs
vibrissae guards nostrils and ear canals
56
free edge
part of nail that overhangs fingertips
57
nail body
visible attached part of nail
58
rail root
extends proximally under underlying skin
59
lunule
half moon shape on nail, part of root
60
eponychium
cuticle
61
apocrine sweat glands location
groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard area
62
apocrine sweat glands
inactive until puberty ducts lead to nearby follicles milky sweat containing fatty acids
63
bromhidrosis
disagreeable odor produced from bacterial action on sweat glands from apocrine glands
64
merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
most numerous palms, soles, forehead simple tubular watery perspiration to cool
65
myoepithelial cells
contract in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system squeeze perspiration up duct
66
sebaceous glands
flask shaped short ducts that open into hair follicles secrete sebum
67
ceruminous glands
glands in ear canals that secrete and combine w sebum and skin cells to form cerumen (earwax)
68
mammary glands
milk-producing glands develop only during pregnancy and lactation modified apocrine sweat glands
69
basal cell carcinoma
originates in the stratum basale small shiny bump with central depression most common and causes the least damage, seldom metastasizes
70
squamous cells carcinoma
arise from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum raised, reddish, scaly, concave ulcer tends to metastasize to lymph nodes, may become lethal chance of recovery good with early detection
71
malignant melanoma
arises from melanocytes if it metastasizes usually fatal greatest risk from family history
72
1st degree burns
only on epidermis redness, slight edema, pain heals in days
73
2nd degree burns
partial-thickness, involves parts of dermis red, tan, or white; blistered and painful 2 weeks to several months to heal
74
3rd degree burns
full-thickness; all of dermis often deeper often requires skin grafts needs fluid replacement, infection control, supplemental nutrition
75
UVA and UVB
improperly called "tanning" and "burning" rays both initiate skin cancer
76
autograft
tissue taken from another location on the same person
77
split-skin graft
taking epidermis and part of dermis from undamaged area like thigh/buttock
78
isograft
skin from identical twin
79
homograft
(allograft) from unrelated person
80
heterograft
(xenograft) from another species
81
artificial skin
sometimes used for skin grafts made from silicone and collagen

Bio 206 (4 decks)

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