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Psychology 101 > Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli

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2
Q

When does sensation occur?

A

occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli

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3
Q

What are some sensory systems? (10)

A
  • vision
  • hearing
  • smell
  • taste
  • touch
  • balance
  • body position
  • movement
  • pain
  • temperature
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4
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for
the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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5
Q

What is just noticeable difference (JND)?

A

minimum difference in stimuli required to
detect a change or a difference between stimuli

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6
Q

What is perception?

A

way that sensory information is interpreted, organized, and consciously
experienced.

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7
Q

What 2 forms of processing are involved in perception?

A
  • bottom up processing
  • top down processing
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8
Q

What is bottom up processing

A

system in which perceptions are built from
sensory input.

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9
Q

What is top down processing

A

interpretation of sensations is influenced by
available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

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10
Q

What 5 factors affect perception?

A
  1. sensory adaption
  2. attention
  3. motivation
  4. beliefs, values, prejudices, and expectations
  5. life/cultural experiences
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11
Q

What is sensory adaption

A

not perceiving a stimuli that remains relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

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12
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

Failure to notice something that is completely visible b/c of a lack of attention

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13
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

change in stimulus detection as a function of current
mental state

  • we think we hear or feel something b/c we’re expecting to perceive it
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14
Q

How can our beliefs or values affect our perception?

A

If we like or dislike something we tend to reject or accept something related to it

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15
Q

What is the Muller-Lyer illusion?

A

lines appear to be different lengths although they are
identical

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16
Q

What are the 2 physical properties of waves?

A
  • amplitude
  • wavelength
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17
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A

The height that is measured from peak to the trough

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18
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

The measurement from peak to peak

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19
Q

What is frequency?

A

Number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

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20
Q

What is the difference b/w longer and shorter wavelengths in terms of frequencies?

A

Longer wavelength - lower frequencies

Shorter wavelength - higher frequencies

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21
Q

What is the frequency of soundwave known as?

A

Pitch

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22
Q

High vs low frequencies in terms of pitch

A

high frequency - high pitched sound

low frequency - low pitch sounds

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23
Q

What is the amplitude of soundwaves known as?

A

Loudness

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24
Q

higher vs lower amplitude in terms of sounds

A

higher amplitude - louder sounds

lower amplitude - quieter sounds

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25
What is a blind spot for an eye?
Point of no receptors where info exits the eyes where we cannot respond to visual information
26
What is the process of visual info being processed? (4)
1. light waves travels across the cornea and enters the pupil 2. Light crosses the lens and is focused on the fovea (apart of the retina); fovea contains photoreceptors 3. Photoreceptors are connected to the retinal ganglion cells which exit thru the back of the eye to form the optic nerve 4. Optic nerve then carries this visual info to the brain
27
What are the 2 photoreceptors in the eye?
cones and rods
28
What are 3 important things abt cones?
- Better for daytime vision - Helps see color - Located in the fovea
29
What are 4 important things of the rods?
- Better for nighttime vision - helps to see black and white - involved in perception of movement in peripheral vision - located in the periphery of the retina
30
What is the optic chiasm?
An X-shaped structure where the optic nerves of each eye merges to send visual information to the occipital lobe for processing
31
What are the 2 visual pathways?
WHAT pathway WHERE/HOW pathway
32
What consists of the WHAT pathway? (2)
- object recognition - object identification
33
What consists of the WHERE/HOW pathway? (2)
- location in space - how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus
34
What is the trichromatic theory of color vision?
All colors can be produced by combining red, green, and blue
35
What is the opponent process theory?
Color is coded in opponent pairs black - white yellow - blue green - red
36
What is afterimage?
continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus
37
What is depth perception?
our ability to perceive spatial relationships in 3-D
38
What are the 2 depth cues?
- binocular cues - monocular cues
39
What is binocular cues?
cue that relies on the use of both eyes
40
What is binocular disparity?
slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.
41
What is monocular cues?
cue that relies on only one eye
42
What is linear perspective?
when two parallel lines seem to converge
43
What is interposition?
The paritial overlap of objects
44
What is the 3 divisions of the ear?
outer - pinna and tympanic membrane middle: ossicles/bones - malleus, incus, and stapes inner - cochlea and basilar membrane
45
What the process of auditory transduction? (5)
1. Sound waves travel along auditory canal and strike tympanic membrane; it vibrates 2. Vibration causes the 3 ossicles/bones to move, which presses the stapes into oval window of cochlea 3. Fluid inside cochlea begins to move which stimulates hair cells (sensory receptors) to get activated 4. Hair cells generate neural impulses that travel along auditory nerve to brain 5. Auditory info is sent to the inferior colliculus then the nucleus of the thalamus and finally to the auditory cortex in temporal lobe for processing
46
What is the temporal theory?
Frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron
47
What is the place theory?
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
48
What are the two cues of localizing sound?
- monoaural cues - binaural cues
49
What is monaural cues?
- uses one ear - each ear interacts with incoming soundwaves differently
50
What is binaural cues?
- using two ears - provides info on the location of sound along with a horizontal axis
51
What is the interaural level difference?
sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear
52
What is the interaural timing difference?
small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear.
53
What is deafness?
Partial or complete inability to hear
54
What is congenital deafness?
Deafness from birth
55
What is conductive hearing loss?
Associated with a failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles can be caused by age or genetics
56
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain can be caused by Meniere's disease and/or other environmental factors
57
What are the 6 groupings of taste?
- sweet -salty - sour -bitter -umami - fatty foods
58
What are taste buds?
grouping of taste receptor cells life cycle of 10 days to 2 weeks
59
What are pheromones?
Chemical messages sent by another individual
60
What are olfactory receptor cells?
Receptor cells that serve as the site for odor molecules to interact with chemical receptors
61
What are the 4 touch receptors?
-Meissner's corpuscles - Pacinian corpuscles - Merkel's disks - Ruffini corpuscles
62
What is the function of Meisnerr's corpuscles?
respond to pressure and lower-frequency vibrations
63
What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscles?
detect transient pressure and higher-frequency vibrations
64
What is the function of the Merkel's disks?
respond to light pressure
65
What is the function of the Ruffini corpuscles?
detect stretch
66
What is thermoception?
temperature perception
67
What is nociception?
Sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
68
What is inflammatory pain?
Signals some type of tissue damage
69
What is neuropathic pain
caused by damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system
70
What is congenital insensitivity to pain?
rare genetic disorder in which the individual is born without the ability to feel pain.
71
What is the vestibular sense?
ability to maintain balance and posture
72
What is proprioception?
perception of body position
73
What is kinesthesia?
perception of the body's movement thru space
74
What is Gestalt psychology?
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
75
What are the 5 Gestalt Principles?
- figure ground relationship - proximity - similarity - continuity - closure
76
What is the figure-ground relationship principle?
Idea that we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground figure: focus of the visual field ground: the background
77
What is the proximity principle?
The idea that things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
78
What is the similarity principle?
The idea that things that are alike tend to be grouped together
79
What is the continuity principle?
The idea that we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines
80
What is the closure principle?
Closure suggests that we will perceive a complete circle and rectangle rather than a series of segments

Psychology 101 (9 decks)

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