Chapter 6 Learning

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

Question 2

Reflexes

Answer 2

motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus

Question 3

Instincts

Answer 3

Behaviors triggered by a broader range of events

Question 4

Which is simpler: instincts or reflexes?

Which is more complex: instincts or reflexes?

Answer 4

simpler: reflexes

more complex: instincts

Question 5

What is associative learning?

Answer 5

When an organisms makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 6

What are the approaches to learning that are apart of behaviorism? (3)

Answer 6

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• observational conditioning

Question 7

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 7

Process by which we learn to associate stimuli, and, consequently to anticipate events

Question 8

What are the 2 types of classical conditioning?

Answer 8

unconditioned (unlearned) responses and conditioned (learned) responses

Question 9

What happens before conditioning? (2)

Answer 9

• unconditioned stimulus
• unconditioned response

Question 10

What happens during conditioning?

Answer 10

• neutral stimulus

Question 11

What happens after conditioning?

Answer 11

• conditioned stimulus
• conditioned response

Question 12

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 12

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

Question 13

What is a unconditioned response?

Answer 13

a natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food)

Question 14

What is a neutral stimulus?

Answer 14

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 15

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 15

Stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 16

the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 17

What is high order conditioning?

Answer 17

An established conditioned stimulus paired with a new neutral stimulus (the second-order stimulus) so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned stimulus being presented

Question 18

What are the 3 general processes in classical conditioning?

Answer 18

• acquisition
• extinction
• spontaneous recovery

Question 19

What is acquisition

Answer 19

Initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

What is extinction?

Answer 20

Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

Question 21

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 21

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Question 22

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 22

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 23

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 23

When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 24

What is habituation?

Answer 24

Learning not to response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Question 25

Who is associated with behaviorism?

Answer 25

John B. Watson

Question 26

What did John B. Watson believe?

Answer 26

Believed that classical conditioning could be used to condition human emotions

Question 27

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 27

Organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment)

Question 28

What proposed the theory of operant conditioning?

Answer 28

B.F. Skinner

Question 29

What is the Little Albert experiment?

Answer 29

The conditioning of Little Albert to fear certain things

Question 30

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 30

something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior,

Question 31

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 31

something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 32

What is positive punishment?

Answer 32

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 33

What is negative punishment?

Answer 33

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 34

What is shaping?

Answer 34

A tool used in operant conditioning in which successive approximations or tries of a target behavior is rewarded as well

Question 35

What is the primary reinforcer?

Answer 35

Those that have innate reinforcing qualities (water, food, sex, pleasure)

Question 36

What is the secondary reinforcer?

Answer 36

Those that have no inherent value; usually linked with a primary reinforcer

Question 37

What is a continuous reinforcement?

Answer 37

when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior

Question 38

What is partial reinforcement?

Answer 38

Organism does not get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior

Question 39

What is fixed?

Answer 39

Number of responses b/w reinforcements or the amount of time b/w reinforcements is set and unchanging

Question 40

What is variable?

Answer 40

number of responses b/w reinforcements or the amount of time b/w reinforcements varies or changes

Question 41

What is interval?

Answer 41

schedule is based on the time b/w reinforcement

Question 42

What is fixed interval?

Answer 42

reinforcement is delivered at a predictable time interval

Question 43

What is variable interval?

Answer 43

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals

Question 44

What is ratio?

Answer 44

schedule is based on the number of response b/w reinforcement

Question 45

What is fixed ratio?

Answer 45

reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses

Question 46

What is variable ratio?

Answer 46

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 47

What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules?

Answer 47

- variable ratio schedule - fixed ratio schedule - variable interval schedule -fixed interval schedule

Question 48

What is the variable ratio schedule?

Answer 48

unpredictable and yields high and steady response rates with little if any pause after reinforcement (gambler)

Question 49

What is the fixed ratio schedule?

Answer 49

predictable and produces a high response rate, with a short pause after reinforcement (eyeglass saleswoman)

Question 50

What is the variable interval schedule?

Answer 50

unpredictable and produces a moderate, steady response rate (restaurant manager)

Question 51

What is the fixed interval schedule?

Answer 51

yields a scallop-shaped response pattern, reflecting a significant pause after reinforcement (surgery patient)

Question 52

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 52

a mental picture of the layout and environment

Question 53

What is latent learning?

Answer 53

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Question 54

What are the 4 things in social learning theory?

Answer 54

- attention - retention - reproduction - motivation

Question 55

What is attention?

Answer 55

Focuses on behavior

Question 56

What is retention?

Answer 56

Remember what you observed

Question 57

What is reproduction?

Answer 57

Be able to perform the behavior

Question 58

What is motivation?

Answer 58

Must want to copy the behavior

Question 59

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 59

Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Question 60

What is vicarious punishment?

Answer 60

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior