Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

What is cognition?

Answer 1

Any word for thinking

Question 2

What processes are cognition associated with? (6)

Answer 2

-perception
-knowledge
-problem solving
-judgment
-language
-memory

Question 3

What are concepts?

Answer 3

Categories of linguistic info, images, ideas, or memories

Question 4

What are prototypes?

Answer 4

Best example or representation of a concept

Question 5

What are natural concepts?

Answer 5

Created “naturally” thru either direct or indirect experience

Question 6

What are artificial concepts?

Answer 6

Defined by a specific set of characteristics

Question 7

What is schema?

Answer 7

Mental construct consisting of a collection of related concepts

Question 8

What is role schema?

Answer 8

Makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Question 9

What is event schema or cognitive script?

Answer 9

Set of routines or automatic behaviors

• makes habits difficult to break bc it’s automatic

Question 10

What is language?

Answer 10

a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another

Question 11

What is lexicon?

Answer 11

words of a given language

Question 12

What is grammar?

Answer 12

Set of rules that are used to convey meaning thru the use of the lexicon

Question 13

What is phoneme?

Answer 13

basic sound unit (ah, eh)

Question 14

What are morphemes?

Answer 14

Smallest units of language that convey some types of meaning.

Question 15

What are semantics?

Answer 15

Meaning we derive from morphemes and words

Question 16

What is syntax?

Answer 16

The way words are organized into sentences

Question 17

What did Noam Chomsky propose?

Answer 17

He proposed that mechanisms underlying language acquisition are biologically determined

Question 18

What is critical period for language?

Answer 18

Period at which proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life

Question 19

What is trial and error?

Answer 19

Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved

Question 20

What is algorithm?

Answer 20

Step by step problem-solving formula

Question 21

What is herustic?

Answer 21

General problem solving framework

Question 22

What are some examples of heuristic? (3)

Answer 22

• short cuts/rule of thumb
• breaking large tasks into smaller steps
• working backwards

Question 23

What is an anchoring bias?

Answer 23

tendency to focus on one piece of info when making a decision/solving a problem

Question 24

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 24

Tendency to focus on info that confirms your existing beliefs

Question 25

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 25

Leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it wasnt

Question 26

What is representative bias?

Answer 26

Tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Question 27

What is availability heuristic?

Answer 27

Tendency to make a decision based on an example, info, or recent experience thats readily available to you

Question 28

What did Charles Spearman believe intelligence was?

Answer 28

Believed that intelligence consisted of one general factor called "g"

Question 29

How did Raymond Cattell divide intelligence? (2)

Answer 29

- crystallized intelligence - fluid intelligence