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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A 
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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2
Q

characteristics of compact .vs. spongy bone

A

Compact bone: Homogeneous

Spongy bone:Small needle-like, pieces of bone, Many open spaces

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3
Q

4 types of bones

A

Long bones: Typically longer than wide, Have a shaft with heads at both ends, Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
Short bones: Generally cube-shape, Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Flat bones: Thin and flattened, Usually curved, Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular bones: Irregular shape, Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip

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4
Q

gross anatomy of long bone

A

Diaphysis and Epiphysis

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5
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

Composed of compact bone

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6
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of the bone

Composed mostly of spongy bone

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7
Q

structures of a long bone

A

Periosteum, Sharpey’s fibers, Arteries, Articular cartilage, and Medullary cavity

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

Outside covering of the diaphysis

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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9
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

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10
Q

Arteries

A

Supply bone cells with nutrients

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces

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12
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

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13
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of bone

A

Osteon (Haversian System), Central (Haversian) canal, Perforating (Volkman’s) canal, Lacunae, Lamellae, and Canaliculi

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14
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

A

A unit of bone

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15
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A

Opening in the center of an osteon

Carries blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

Arranged in concentric rings

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17
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings around the central canal

Sites of lacunae

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18
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system

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19
Q

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

A

Canal perpendicular to the central canal

Carries blood vessels and nerves

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20
Q

bone cells

A

Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts

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21
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-destroying cells

Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

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24
Q

types of bone fractures

A

Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

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25
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
26
compression fracture
bone is crushed
27
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward
28
impacted fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
29
spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when there are excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone
30
greenstick
bone breaks incompletely
31
Repair of Bone Fractures
1) Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed 2) Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus 3) Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus 4) Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
32
The Axial Skeleton
Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax
33
where is the foramen magnum located
hollow opening in the occipital bone (seen in superior view)
34
The Fetal Skull
- The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length - has Fontanelles
35
Fontanelles
- fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones - Allow the brain to grow - Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
36
The Vertebral Column
- Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs - The spine has a normal curvature - Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
37
where is the cervical curvature
first 7 vertebrae
38
where is the thoracic curvature
12 vertebrae (8-19)
39
where is the lumber curvature
5 vertebrae (20-24)
40
where is the sacrum
5 fused vertebrae following the lumbar curvature
41
where is the coccyx
4 fused vertebrae following the sacrum
42
order of the vertebral column
``` cervical curvature thoracic curvature lumbar curvature sacrum coccyx ```
43
appendicular skeleton
appendages (limbs), pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
44
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubic bone
45
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones Clavicle – collarbone Scapula – shoulder blade
46
The Bony Thorax
-Forms a cage to protect major organs -Made-up of three parts Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae
47
True Ribs
ribs 1-7, attaches to sternum from vertebrae
48
False Ribs
8-12, attaches to costal cartilage from vertebrae
49
Floating RIbs
11 and 12, does not attach to anything from vertebrae
50
order of ribs
true, false, floating
51
Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses
52
Synarthroses
immovable joints
53
Amphiarthroses
slightly moveable joints
54
Diarthroses
freely moveable joints
55
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis | Probably related to normal aging processes
56
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints Often leads to deformities
57
Bone Growth
- Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood - New cartilage is continuously formed - Older cartilage becomes ossified - Cartilage is broken down - Bone replaces cartilage
58
Bone remodeling
1) bone reabsorbed 2) bone added by appositional growth 3) bone reabsorbed
59
coronal suture
between parietal bone and frontal bone
60
lambdoidal suture
between the occipital bone and the parietal bone
61
squamous suture
between parietal bone and temporal bone
62
two largest bones of the foot
calcaneus and talus
63
difference between female and male pelvis
- female inlet is larger and more circular - female ilia flare more laterally - female sacrum is shorter and less curved - female ischial is shorter - female pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees
64
what causes osteoporosis
Osteoporosis occurs when there is an imbalance between new bone formation and old bone resorption. The body may fail to form enough new bone, or too much old bone may be reabsorbed, or both. Two essential minerals for normal bone formation are calcium and phosphate
65
what is osteoporosis
a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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