Chapter 5: The structure and Function of Large Biological molecules

Question 1

What are macromolecules?

Answer 1

A giant molecule formed formed by the joining of smaller molecules

Question 2

What is the reaction that typically is responsible for the creation of macromolecules?

Answer 2

dehydration reactions

Question 3

What is a polymer?

Answer 3

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks

Question 4

What are the building blocks of polymers?

Answer 4

monomers

Question 5

What is a dehydration reaction?

Answer 5

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other w/ the loss of water molecules

Question 6

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 6

responsible for the breakdown of polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule

Question 7

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 7

include sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 8

What are the building blocks of carbs?

Answer 8

monosaccharides

Question 9

What is a disaccharides?

Answer 9

two monosaccharides

Question 10

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Answer 10

Glucose

Question 11

What are the chemical groups included in monosaccharides?

Answer 11

Carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups

Question 12

What is a 3 carbon sugar called?

Answer 12

trioses

Question 13

What is a 5 carbon sugar called?

Answer 13

pentose

Question 14

What is a 6 carbon sugar called?

Answer 14

hexoses

Question 15

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 15

cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down

Question 16

What are the bonds in between monosaccharides called?

Answer 16

glycosidic linkage

Question 17

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 17

multiple monosaccharides

Question 18

how do plants store polysaccharides?

Answer 18

starch

Question 19

how do animals store polysaccharides?

Answer 19

glycogen

Question 20

What is the simplest form of starch?

Answer 20

amylose

Question 21

Where is cellulose found in plants?

Answer 21

their cell walls

Question 22

What macromolecule has alpha linkages?

Answer 22

starch

Question 23

what macromolecule has beta linkages?

Answer 23

cellulose

Question 24

Humans cannot digest (alpha/beta?) glucose

Answer 24

beta

Question 25

What is chitin (where is it found)?

Answer 25

structural starch | makes up exoskeletons and found in fungi

Question 26

What kind of linkages does chitin have?

Answer 26

beta linkages

Question 27

What are lipids?

Answer 27

large biological that mixes poorly

Question 28

What are the two parts of a fat molecule?

Answer 28

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 29

What is a long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at the end?

Answer 29

fatty acid

Question 30

Fats are polar. T or F? Explain

Answer 30

F, C-H bonds are non-polar

Question 31

What is the linkage between a fatty acid and a glycerol called?

Answer 31

Ester linkage

Question 32

What is the difference between a fat and a triglyceral?

Answer 32

nothing

Question 33

What is a saturated fat?

Answer 33

all carbon in tail are connected via single bonds

Question 34

What state will a saturated fat be in at room temperature?

Answer 34

solid

Question 35

What are unsaturated fats?

Answer 35

one or more double bond leads to kink

Question 36

What state will an unsaturated fat be in at room temperature?

Answer 36

liquid

Question 37

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 37

a glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate groups `

Question 38

What is the charge of a phospholipid head and tail?

Answer 38

The head is hydrophilic | The tail is hydrophobic

Question 39

What are steroids?

Answer 39

lips characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 40

What is cholesterol?

Answer 40

steroid that is an essential component of animal cell membranes and a precursor for the synthesis of other biologically important molecules

Question 41

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 41

amino acids

Question 42

What its the bond between amino acids?

Answer 42

peptide bonds

Question 43

What are the 4 components of an amino acid?

Answer 43

Amino acid, carboxyl group, R group, and a asymmetrical carbon

Question 44

What is an amino groups molecular structure?

Answer 44

NH2

Question 45

What is a carboxls molecular structure

Answer 45

COOH

Question 46

What are globular proteins

Answer 46

proteins that are roughly spherical

Question 47

What are fibrous proteins

Answer 47

proteins that are shaped like long fibers

Question 48

What does the primary structure of proteins look like?

Answer 48

long chain of amino acids

Question 49

What does the secondary structure of proteins look like?

Answer 49

regions are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Question 50

What is an alpha helix?

Answer 50

A delicate coil held together between every 4th amino acid

Question 51

What is a beta pleated protein?

Answer 51

two or more strands of the proteins are lying side by side and connected by hydrogen bonds

Question 52

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 52

3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains

Question 53

What is a hydrophobic interaction?

Answer 53

caused by exclusion of non polar substances by water molecules

Question 54

What is a disulfide bridge?

Answer 54

covalent bonds that reinforce the shape of a protein

Question 55

Where do disulfide bridges form?

Answer 55

Where cysteine monomers are bond together

Question 56

What is a proteins structure?

Answer 56

association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only)

Question 57

What is denaturization?

Answer 57

if the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or environment is altered the protein will be destroyed

Question 58

What is a gene?

Answer 58

discrete unit of inheritance

Question 59

What is a nucleic acid?

Answer 59

polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

Question 60

What are the three main steps of DNA creating protein?

Answer 60

1. Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus 2. Movement of mRNA into the cytoplasm via nuclear pore 3. Synthesis of protein using info carried on mRNA

Question 61

What are polynucleotides?

Answer 61

macromolecules made up of nucleotides

Question 62

What are nucleotides?

Answer 62

pentose sugar+ nitrogenous base + (1-3) phosphate groups

Question 63

What kind of sugar makes up a DNA molecule?

Answer 63

deoxyribose

Question 64

What kind of sugar makes up an RNA molecule?

Answer 64

ribose

Question 65

What is a genome?

Answer 65

the entire genetic make up of an organism