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Biology > Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

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2
Q

What are the two different types of pathways for metabolic processes?

A

catabolic and anabolic pathways

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3
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

begins with a specific molecule which is then altered into a certain product through a series of defined steps

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4
Q

What is each step of a metabolic pathway catalyzed by?

A

A specific enzyme

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5
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

break down pathways

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6
Q

What is a anabolic pathway?

A

biosynthetic pathways

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7
Q

The process of turning complex molecules into simple compounds is known as what?

A

catabolic pathways

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8
Q

What is the opposite of a catabolic pathway?

A

Anabolic pathway

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9
Q

What are bioenergetics?

A

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

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10
Q

What is energy defined as?

A

the capacity to cause change

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11
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

the energy associated with relative motion of objects

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12
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms/molecuels

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13
Q

What is heat defined as?

A

thermal energy IN TRANSFERfrom one object to another

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14
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy that is not kinetic. Is due to its specific location/structure

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15
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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16
Q

Glucose is high in ______ energy

A

chemical

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17
Q

what are thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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18
Q

How are collection of matter denoted?

A

systems and their surrounding

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19
Q

What is an isolated system

A

unable to exchange either energy or matter with its surroundings

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20
Q

What is an open system?

A

Can exchange energy/matter w/ surroundings

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21
Q

Are organisms open or closed systems?

A

open

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22
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

conservation of energy

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23
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer/transformation increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe

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24
Q

What is entropy?

A

a measure of molecular disorder/randomness

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25
What is spontaneous process?
A process that is energetically favorable?
26
Living systems ______ the entropy of their surroundings
increase
27
(Cells/Organisms) create ordered structures from less organized molecules
Cells
28
Depletion of chemical energy will lead to what?
Will increase heat
29
What is free energy?
the portion of a systems energy that can perform work
30
What is critical for free energy?
temperature and pressure must be uniform through out
31
What is the equation for free energy (G)?
change in G= change in H (enthalpy) - T(change in entropy)
32
Enthalpy in biological systems is equivalent to what?
total energy
33
Every spontaneous process ______ the systems free energy
decreases
34
What is an exergonic reaction?
(Energy outward) A net release of free energy.
35
What is an endergonic reaction?
a reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings
36
What kind of reaction stores free energy in molecules?
endergonic reactions
37
When change in energy is negative a ______ reaction is occurring
exergonic
38
What are the three different kinds of work a cell does?
1. chemical 2. transport 3. mechanical
39
What is chemical work?
the pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously
40
What is transport work?
the pumping of substances across membranes against direction of spontaneous movement
41
what is mechanical work?
such as the beating of cilia, muscle contractions, ect.
42
What is energy coupling?
the use of exergonic process to drive endergonic process
43
What are the components of ATP?
Adenine Ribose Triphosphate Group
44
As ATP loses phosphate groups what happens to free energy?
higher free energy
45
ATP to ADP is a ________ reaction.
Exogonic
46
Products have a (low/high) energy compared to the reactants
low
47
chemical work uses ________ energy to perform endergonic reactions
exergonic
48
What is phosphorylation
the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule
49
Phosphate groups are ________ bonded
covalently
50
Two reactions are coupled when the energy needed to complete the endergonic reaction is _____ than the energy released by ATP
less
51
ATP hydrolysis is a great example of _______ _________
Energy coupling
52
What is the benefit of energy coupling regarding endergonic and exergonic reactions
energy coupling allows endergonic reactions to be coupled with exergonic reactions that result in a net exergonic reaction
53
What type of reaction will occur spontaneously
exergonic
54
What are the effects of a phosphorylated intermediate?
makes the compound less stable and increases free energy
55
What is the process of turning glutamic acid into glutamine
1. ATP phosphorylates Glu into a phosphorylated intermediate 2. ammonia displaces phosphate group by forming glutamine
56
What is transport and mechanical work powered by?
ATP hydrolysis
57
What is transport work?
ATP phosphorylates transport proteins
58
What is mechanical work?
ATP binds non-covalently to motor proteins and is then hydrolyzed
59
Energy released by _______ add phosphate to ADP to form ATP and a H2O molecule
catabolism
60
The breakdown of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group produces energy used for ___________
cellular work
61
What is a catalyst?
a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction w/o being consumed by the reaction
62
What is an enzyme?
a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst
63
Most the time an enzyme is what kind of macromolecule?
protein
64
What is activation energy?
the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
65
Activation energy is often supplied in the form of ______ energy
thermal
66
What is a transition state?
when molecules have absorbed enough energy for their bonds to break
67
How does a transition state affect reactants?
puts them in an unstable state
68
How do enzymes catalyze reactions
by lowering the EA barrier
69
What is the relationship between Enzymes and change in free energy
Enzymes do not change free energy they simply speed up the reaction
70
substrate
the reactant that an enzyme acts on
71
enzyme substrate complex
enzyme and substrate bonded together
72
What is an active site
the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
73
What are the 4 ways that an active site can lower an EA barrier?
1. orienting substrates correctly 2. straining substrate bonds 3. providing a favorable microenvironment 4. covalently bonding to the substrate
74
What is the catalytic cycle of an enzyme ?
1. substrates enter active cite 2. enzyme-substrate complex 3. substrates are converted to products 4. products are released 5. active site is available for new substrates
75
What effects enzyme activity?
1. environmental factors | 2. chemicals that specifically influence enzymes
76
What are cofactors?
non protein enzyme helpers
77
What is a coenzyme ?
an organic cofactor
78
What do competitive inhibitors do?
bind to the active site on an enzyme, competing with the substrate
79
What do noncompetitive inhibitors do?
bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change shape
80
What are the effects of noncompetitive inhibitors?
they make the active site less effective
81
What is an allosteric regulation?
when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein on one site and affects the protein's function at another site
82
What are the effects of an allosteric reaction?
either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity
83
What are most allosterically regulated enzymes made from?
polypeptide subunits
84
The binding of an activator stabilizes what?
the active form of the enzyme
85
The binding of an inhibitor stabilizes the what?
inactive form of the enzyme
86
What is cooperatively?
a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity
87
What is feedback inhibition?
the end product of metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
88
What does feedback inhibition help prevent?
prevents the cell from wasting valuable chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed
89
T or F? some enzymes reside in specific organelles
T
90
T or F? some enzymes act as structural components of membranes
T

Biology (16 decks)

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