Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a light microscope (LM)?
A
lenses bend light to magnify images of specimens
2
Q
What is an electron microscope (EM)?
A
uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through specimen
3
Q
How many times greater is the magnification of the EM compared to the LM?
A
100 times greater
4
Q
What is a TEM microscope used to study?
A
the internal structure of thin section of cells
5
Q
What is a SEM microscope used to study?
A
fine details of cell surface
6
Q
What is magnification?
A
the ratio of an objects image size to its real size
7
Q
What is resolution?
A
the measure of the clarity of the image
8
Q
What is contrast?
A
the difference in brightness between light and dark areas
9
Q
Staining is a method used to increase what?
A
contrast
10
Q
What is cell fractionation?
A
taking apart a cell and diving it into it sub cellular parts (organelles)
11
Q
What device is used in cell fractionation?
A
centrifuge
12
Q
What are the two types of cells?
A
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
13
Q
What are the 2 sub groups of prokaryotes?
A
archea and bacteria
14
Q
What are the 4 subgroups of eukaryotes?
A
anamilia
plantae
fungi
protists
15
Q
Where is DNA concentrated in prokaryotic cells?
A
an area called the nucleiod
16
Q
Where is DNA concentrated in eukaryotic cells?
A
the nucleus
17
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have cell membranes?
A
yes
18
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have cytosol?
A
yes
19
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have nuclear membranes?
A
no
20
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have chromosomes?
A
yes
21
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have organelles?
A
no
22
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have ribosomes?
A
yes
23
Q
T or F? Cellular metabolism sets the limit for the cells size
A
T
24
Q
What surrounds the different regions of a prokaryotic cell?
A
proteins
25
Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller. T of F?
T
26
What is a plasma membrane?
selective barrier that allows passage of goods and waste in the cell
27
Cells that need more surface area will tend to have what cellular structure?
microvilli
28
Where are most the genes in a eukaryotic cell found?
in the nucleus
29
What encloses the nucleus?
The nuclear envelope
30
Does the nuclear envelope have a double membrane?
yes
31
What is a pore complex?
proteins around the nuclear envelope pores that regulates what can come in an out
32
What is the nuclear lamina?
a group of protein filaments that help maintain the shape of the nucleus
33
Nucleolus is found in dividing or non dividing cells?
non dividing
34
What is the nucleolus made of?
granules and fibers
35
Where is RNA produced?
the nucleolus
36
What are the two subunits of ribosomes?
RNA + proteins
37
what translates mRNAs message into primary structure of polypeptide?
ribosome
38
Cells with higher rates of protein synthesis have high or low concentrations of ribosomes?
high
39
What is the specific name for ribosomes found in the cytoplasm?
free ribosomes
40
What is the specific name for ribosomes found attached to the ER and nuclear membrane?
bound
41
Bound ribosomes always stay attached to either the ER or the nuclear membrane. T or F?
F, bound ribosomes are interchangeable with free ribosomes
42
Starting with the nuclear membrane and ending with the plasma membrane what are the organelle steps of the end-membrane?
1. nuclear membrane
2. ER
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Lysosome
5. Vesicles and vacuoles
6. Plasma membrane
43
What is the function of the endomembrane?
to synthesis proteins, transport proteins, metabolize and move lipids, and detox poisons
44
What are vesicles?
secs made of membrane that specialize in transport
45
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
large network of membranes
46
What are the membrane tubules and sacs called of the ER?
asternae
47
What is the internal compartment of the ER called?
ER lumen
48
What are the functions of the smooth ER?
1. synthesis of lipids
2. metabolism of carbs
3. detox of drugs and poisons
4. storage of calcium ions
49
What functional group is added to drugs to make them easier to flush?
hydroxyl group
50
What are glycoproteins?
proteins with carbs covalently bonded
51
What is the specializes region that is responsible for vesicles budding from the ER?
transitional ER
52
What is the Golgi apparatus?
warehouse for receiving, sorting, and shipping
53
What are the flat membrane sacs of the Golgi apparatus called?
cisternae
54
What is the shipping side of the Golgi apparatus called?
transface
55
What is the receiving side of the Golgi apparatus called?
cisface
56
What are lysosomes?
membranous sacs that are often responsible for digestion
57
Lysosomal enzymes work best in basic, acidic, or nuetral environments
acidic
58
What is phagocytosis?
lysosomes digest materials
59
What is autophagy?
lysosomes recycle intracellular materials
60
What is a vacuole in general?
large vesicle
61
What are mitochondria?
site of cellular respiration
62
What are chloroplasts?
organelles responsible for photosynthesis
63
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory
the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts oriented from prokaryotic cells that happened to be engulfed
64
Where is mitochondria DNA found?
the matrix
65
What are the layers of a mitochondria starting from the outside?
outermembrane, inner membrane space, the inner membrane, and the matrix
66
What are the folds of the mitochandria called?
cristae
67
Where are the enzymes for the citric acid cycle found?
in the matrix
68
Where are the small holes on the outside of the mitochondria called?
porins
69
Where is ATP synthase found?
in the inner membrane
70
Stacks of thylakoids are called what?
grana
71
What is the stroma?
Dense fluid within within the inner membrane
72
What is a granum?
A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids
73
What are lamella?
connector between grana
74
What are peroxisomes?
an organelle that carries enzymes to degrade material
75
What is glyoxysome
specialized peroxisome found in fat storing tissue of plant that helps initiate fatty acids being turned into sugar
76
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and proteins that extend throughout the cytoplasm
77
What are microtubules?
hollow rod composed of tubular proteins
78
What are flagella and cilia made of?
microtubules
79
What are microfilaments?
a cable like structure made of actin filaments
80
Which type of filament when acting with myosin causes cell contractions?
microfilaments
81
What are intermediate filaments?
fibrous proteins coiled into cables made out of keratin
82
Organize the different filaments by increasing size
micro, intermediate, microtubules
83
What is the subunit of microtubules?
alpha and beta tubulin dimers
84
What is the subunit of microfilaments?
actin
85
What type of filament do motor proteins "walk" on?
microtubules
86
What is a centrosome?
a pair of centrioles (made up of microtubules)
87
What do flagella specialize in?
locomotion
88
What do motile cilia specialize in?
locomotion and moving fluid past the cell
89
What do primary cilium specialize in?
sensory and signaling
90
What is the microtubule arrangement of flagella?
9 + 2
91
What is the microtubule arrangement of motile cilium?
9 + 2
92
What is the microtubule arrangement of primary cilium?
9 + 0
93
What are dyneins
the motor proteins of a microtubule
94
In the 9 + 2 arrangement how many tubulin are there per group in the outer circumference?
2
95
In the 9 + 0 arrangement how many tubulin are there per group in the outer circumference?
3
96
What is the basal body?
where the flagella is attached
97
What type of protein is actin?
globular
98
What is an actin filament?
twisted double chain of actin subunits
99
What do you call the microfilaments inside the plasma membrane?
cortical membrane
100
What is psuedopia?
a cellular extension involved in phagocytosis
101
Is the cytoplasm held in place like jelly?
no, moves around helping contents also move
102
What is the cell wall?
a protective layer external to the plasma membrane
103
What is the cell wall made of?
polysaccharides such as cellulose
104
What is a plasmodesmata?
an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
105
What is the extracellular matrix?
the meshwork surrounding animal cells that consists of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans
106
What is a fibronectin?
attaches to ECM to intergrins embedded in the plasma membrane
107
What are proteoglycan complexes?
hundreds of proteogycan molecules attached to single polysaccharide molecules
108
What are tight junctions?
plasma membranes of neighboring cells tightly pressed against each other
109
What are desmosomes?
rivets, hold cells together using anchors made of keratin protein and intermediate filaments
110
What are gap junctions?
channels between cells that selectively allow
111
What is a filopodium
the extension of microphage that engulfs the bacteria
