Chapter 52

Question 1

when fertilization has happened what element is then released that causes kinase and phsphatase activation

Answer 1

calcium

Question 2

sperm donates entire nucleus to an egg cell

Answer 2

acrosomal reaction

Question 3

calcium waves generates

Answer 3

morphological polarity

Question 4

calcium binds to what that allows for binding to the kinase

Answer 4

camoduline

Question 5

stage when embryo undergoes a compaction event at around 32 cells

Answer 5

morula

Question 6

all blastocyst have

Answer 6

inter-cell mass

Question 7

inter-cell mass of blastocyst is also called

Answer 7

epiblast

Question 8

next layer in from the epiblast

Answer 8

hydroblast

Question 9

cells can generate anything and everything from the whole genome, can generate germ layers and trophoblastic cells

Answer 9

totipotent

Question 10

derived from the intercell mass of blastocyst, have the ability to generate germ layers

Answer 10

pluripotent

Question 11

cells that make up parts of the placenta and the outside of the blastocyst

Answer 11

trophoblastic cells

Question 12

after the blastula what occurs

Answer 12

gastrulation

Question 13

gastrula has three layers from outside to inside

Answer 13

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 14

gives rise to skin and the nervous system

Answer 14

ectoderm

Question 15

gives rise to the heart, muscles, blood vessels, and blood cells

Answer 15

mesoderm

Question 16

gives rise to many secretory organs like the pancreas and liver

Answer 16

endoderm

Question 17

a little bit past gastrulation what occurs

Answer 17

neurulation

Question 18

ectoderm under goes a series of events in neurulation

Answer 18

1. starts to form a plate on the gastrula (neural plate)
2. begins to divide and form neural groove
3. wedge shape cells help with envagination of neural groove

Question 19

overall neurulation has two parts

Answer 19

primary and secondary neurulation

Question 20

what is formed ultimately from neurulaton

Answer 20

neural tube with neural fluid

cavity of brain and ventricles with CSF

Question 21

what causes differences between the front and back of the embryo

Answer 21

cephalization

Question 22

along neural tube what develops

Answer 22

neuroepithelial stem cells

Question 23

the proencephalon froms the

Answer 23

forebrain

Question 24

the mesencephalon forms the

Answer 24

midbrain

Question 25

the rhombencephalon forms the

Answer 25

hindbrain

Question 26

a cut blastocyst down the center gives rise to

Answer 26

two new organisms

Question 27

a cut blastocyst down a side gives rise to

Answer 27

one new organism

Question 28

what part of the ectoderm forms the formation of the nervous system

Answer 28

dorsal lip

Question 29

mesoderm helps in the generation of the nervous system through

Answer 29

generation of the notochord

Question 30

what must be present for the nervous system to develop

Answer 30

mesoderm overlying ectoderm

Question 31

what signal represses neural differentiation

Answer 31

bone morphogenetic protein

Question 32

how does the organizer overcome the repressor

Answer 32

noggin chordin follistatin

Question 33

BMP promotes cells to become

Answer 33

epidermal cells

Question 34

without BMP cells become

Answer 34

neurons

Question 35

signals from the mesoderm and the endoderm define the _____of the neural plate

Answer 35

rostral caudal pattern

Question 36

during rostral caudal pattern formation the endoderm secretes

Answer 36

WNT inhibitors in the anterior of the organism

Question 37

during rostral caudal pattern formation the mesoderm releases

Answer 37

WNT

Question 38

levels of WNT dictate expression of these

Answer 38

Otx2 and Gbx2

Question 39

the midbrain-hindbrain boundary becomes the

Answer 39

isthmic organizer

Question 40

regulate the morphology of tissues

Answer 40

morphogens

Question 41

isthmic organizer produces

Answer 41

engrailed

Question 42

basal conditions before WNT is in cell

Answer 42

Beta-catenin and GSK-3beta protein complex exists in the cytoplasm of cell

Question 43

WNT causes this

Answer 43

1. phosphorylation of beta catenin signals for its own degradation 2. WNT binds to frizzled receptor and co-receptor LRP5 3. GSK-3beta undocks from beta catenin to move to nucleus to regulate transcription

Question 44

region in the diencephalon that secretes sonic hedgehog

Answer 44

zona limitans intrathalamica

Question 45

sonic hedgehog released in the brain produces the

Answer 45

thalamus

Question 46

engrailed induces synthesis of

Answer 46

WNT1 and FGF8

Question 47

combination of FGF and Shh with Otx2 causes neurons to become

Answer 47

dopaminergic

Question 48

combination of FGF and Shh with Gbx2 causes neurons to become

Answer 48

serotonergic

Question 49

cues for generating the identity of dorsal or ventral spinal cord neurons comes from

Answer 49

ectodermal and mesodermal cells

Question 50

signaling for the dorsal spinal cord comes from this first and then this

Answer 50

epidermal ectoderm then roof plate

Question 51

signaling for the ventral spinal cord comes from this then transferred to this

Answer 51

notochord then transferred to floor plate

Question 52

the release of certain morphogens causes the release of different or same morphogens

Answer 52

homogenetic induction

Question 53

every cell has this that senses different types of signals

Answer 53

primary cilia

Question 54

what is usually in cells under resting conditions

Answer 54

patchin

Question 55

what does Gli produce during resting conditions

Answer 55

transcription regressor to turn cells off

Question 56

what does sonic hedgehog gene first bind to in cell

Answer 56

patchin

Question 57

what happens after sonic hedgehog binds to patchin

Answer 57

patchin comes out of cilia | smoothin moves into cilia freeing gli to go to the nucleus and stimulate transcription

Question 58

are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the cranio-caudal (head-tail) axis.

Answer 58

hoxx genes

Question 59

hoxx genes on the 3' end express

Answer 59

rostral end genes

Question 60

hoxx genes on the 5' end express

Answer 60

caudal end genes

Question 61

Hoxx genes help with developing nervous system by

Answer 61

telling neurons where to project their axons

Question 62

hoxx genes can generate these receptors

Answer 62

epherine

Question 63

if an axon comes into contact with ephrin B receptors what happens

Answer 63

axon collapses and moves to a different region

Question 64

these signals from the anteromedial telecephalon esablish the rostrocaudal pattern of the cerebral cortex

Answer 64

FGF8

Question 65

transcription factors aiding in rostrocaudal gradients

Answer 65

Pax6 and Emx2

Question 66

genetic elimination of Emx2 causes

Answer 66

expansion of the motor areas and contraction of the auditory and visual areas in the brain

Question 67

elimination of the Pax6 gene causes

Answer 67

expansion of visual areas and contraction of motor and auditory areas