Chapter 53

Question 1

broadly classify neurons into two types

Answer 1

excitatory and inhibitory

Question 2

spiny exitatory neurons

Answer 2

glutamatergic neurons

Question 3

projection neurons

Answer 3

pyramidal neurons

Question 4

non-spiny inhibitory interneurons

Answer 4

GABAergic neurons

Question 5

all neurons have how many layers

Answer 5

six

Question 6

name the developing layers of the cortex from ventricle side to sub-arachnoid space

Answer 6

ventricular layer
subventricular layer
intermediate zone
cortical plate
marginal layer

Question 7

giving rise to two stem cells resulting in amplification of the stem cell pool

Answer 7

symmetric divisions

Question 8

when one stem cell gives rise to another stem cell and a differentiated cell maintains stem cell populations

Answer 8

asymmetric division

Question 9

when one stem cell gives rise to two differentiated cell resulting in exhaustion of the stem cell pool

Answer 9

symmetric terminal division

Question 10

what is the order of making cells in the nervous system during development

Answer 10

all neurons are made first then switch to astrocytes and glial cells

Question 11

what type of cells are around the ventricular zone during development

Answer 11

neruoprogenetor cells

Question 12

what is the formal term for cells bouncing up and down

Answer 12

inter kinetic nuclear migration

Question 13

vertical planes cause what type of division

Answer 13

symmetric

Question 14

horizontal planes cause what type of division

Answer 14

asymmetric

Question 15

neuroblasts have an affinity for this which they move along to migrate in the cortex

Answer 15

radial fiber

Question 16

all of the cells that are born along one radial fiber are

Answer 16

ontonogenetically related

Question 17

this is a receptor for the integral membrane protein- delta

Answer 17

notch

Question 18

what happens when detla and notch come together

Answer 18

notch undergoes cleavage by protease and translocate to the nucleus to form a transcriptional complex

Question 19

two things notch signaling in the glial progenitor results in

Answer 19

1. differentiation as astrocytes and inhibits differentation as oligodentrocytes
2. inhibits progenitor cells from differentiating into neurons

Question 20

how to neurons climb the radial fiber

Answer 20

have a leading edge with microtubules and a lagging edge

Question 21

first microtubules that neuroblasts will turn on

Answer 21

DCX

Question 22

regulates migration of neurons in the cortex during development

Answer 22

reelin

Question 23

under normal circumstances how does the cortex develop

Answer 23

from the inside out

Question 24

what happens when reelin protein is mutated

Answer 24

cortical plate is severely disrupted and partially inverted

Question 25

neurons generated in the medial ganglionic eminence migrate..

Answer 25

tangentially and settle in the neocortex

Question 26

medial ganglionic eminence gives rise to what interneurons

Answer 26

cajal-retzius neurons

Question 27

neurons generated in the lateral ganglionic eminence migrate

Answer 27

rostrally to the olfactory bulb

Question 28

neural crest cells that migrate just beneath the ectoderm become

Answer 28

melanocytes

Question 29

neural crest cells tat migrate deeper through the somites becomes

Answer 29

dorsal root sensory ganglia

Question 30

neural cells that migrate between the neural tube and somites become

Answer 30

sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla

Question 31

neurons that innervate muscles generate which neurotransmitter

Answer 31

norepinephrine

Question 32

sympathetic neurons that innervate sweat glands are induced to generate which neurotransmitter

Answer 32

acetylcholine

Question 33

the default of most neurons is to live or die after development

Answer 33

die

Question 34

what signal saves a neuron from undergoing apoptosis

Answer 34

neurotrophin

Question 35

when neurotrophin attaches to receptors on the axonal terminal how do they get to the nucleus

Answer 35

retrograde movement along the axon

Question 36

the three main neurotrophins interact with what type of receptor

Answer 36

tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 37

when this receptor is present it can actually induce cell death

Answer 37

P75

Question 38

when growth factor binds to receptor what happens

Answer 38

homodimyrization of receptor activating protein kinase AKT to promote survival

Question 39

when death pathway is induced what proteolytic enzymes are activated

Answer 39

caspases

Question 40

what induces the death pathway

Answer 40

Cytochrome C leaking out of the mitochondria activates caspases or activation of death receptors on the cell membrane

Question 41

which cell in the nervous system is very active during the time of development when apoptosis is happening

Answer 41

microglia

Question 42

three hallmarks of apoptosis

Answer 42

membrane blebbing cell shrinkage DNA fragmentation

Question 43

protooncogene that prevents the creation of pores on the mitochondria surface

Answer 43

Bcl2

Question 44

inhibits Bcl2 which allows pores to form in mitochondria

Answer 44

bad

Question 45

neurotrophin cascade causes

Answer 45

AKT to be activated which phosphorylates the bad protein inactivating it

Question 46

happens when caspase9 is knocked out causing additional folding of the cerebral cortex

Answer 46

cobblestone complex