Chapter 53: Population Ecology

Question 1

population ecology

Answer 1

study of population in relation to their environment

how abiotic and biotic factors influence density, distribution, size, age structure of populations

Question 2

natural selection changees frequencies of

Answer 2

alleles and traits

Question 3

population

Answer 3

group of individuals of same species living in same general area

Question 4

density

Answer 4

number of individuals per unit area or volume

Question 5

dispersion

Answer 5

pattern of spacing among individuals within boundaries of population

Question 6

mark-recapture method

Answer 6

capture and tag individuals of population and repeat process

Question 7

equation for mark-recapture method

Answer 7

N=sn/x
estimated population size = (#animals marked in first capture)(#animals captured in second sampling) / (#animals marked in second sampling)

Question 8

density changes as individuals are

Answer 8

added/removed from a population

Question 9

addition of animals

Answer 9

birth or immigration

Question 10

removal of animals

Answer 10

death or emigration

Question 11

local density patterns

Answer 11

clumped, uniform, random

Question 12

clumped local density

Answer 12

individuals in groups for environmental reasons, mating behavior, predation or defense

Question 13

uniform local density

Answer 13

evenly spaced individuals for territorial reasons

Question 14

territoriality

Answer 14

defense of bounded space against encroachment by other individuals

Question 15

random local density

Answer 15

unpredictable spacing when there is no strong attraction/repulsion among individuals

Question 16

demography

Answer 16

study of vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

Question 17

life tables

Answer 17

age specific summaries of survival pattern of population, follows fate of cohort until all are dead

Question 18

cohort

Answer 18

group of individuals of same age

Question 19

survivorship curve

Answer 19

plot of proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

Question 20

type I survivorship curve

Answer 20

usually few offspring, but provide care and many survive to old age

Question 21

type II survivorship curve

Answer 21

constant death rate over lifespan

Question 22

type III survivorship curve

Answer 22

usually many offspring but many die at early age

Question 23

reproductive table

Answer 23

age specific summary of reproductive rates in a population

measures reproductive output of a cohort from birth to death, tallies number of female offspring produced

Question 24

change in population size =

Answer 24

births + immigrants -deaths - emigrants

Question 25

per capita birth rate

Answer 25

offspring produced per unit time by average member of population (b)

Question 26

equation to calculate expected number of births per year

Answer 26

B=bN

Question 27

per capita death rate

Answer 27

individuals that die per unit time (m)

Question 28

equation to calculate expected number of deaths per year

Answer 28

D=mN

Question 29

per capita rate of increase (r)

Answer 29

difference between per capita birth and death rates

Question 30

equation for r

Answer 30

r=b-m

Question 31

r>0

Answer 31

growing population

Question 32

r

Answer 32

population declining

Question 33

ZPG

Answer 33

zero population growth when birth/death rates are equal

Question 34

change in population over change in time =

Answer 34

rN

Question 35

exponential growth

Answer 35

population growth under ideal conditions

Question 36

exponential growth occurs when

Answer 36

populations introduced into new environment | number drastically reduced by catastrophic event

Question 37

exponential growth equation

Answer 37

dN/dt = r(max)N

Question 38

carrying capacity (K)

Answer 38

max population size an environment can sustain

Question 39

carrying capacity equation

Answer 39

rmax x N x (K-N)/K

Question 40

allele effect

Answer 40

individuals may have more difficult time surviving/reproducing if population is too small

Question 41

life history

Answer 41

when reproduction begins, how often organism reproduces, how many offspring are reproduced

Question 42

semelparity

Answer 42

one reproductive episode in which thousands of offspring are produced

Question 43

heroparity

Answer 43

multiple reproduction episodes in which few offspring are produced

Question 44

what contributes to whether species is semelparity or heroparity

Answer 44

survival rate of offspring, likelihood that adult will survive and reproduce again

Question 45

K selection

Answer 45

selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and favored at high densities

Question 46

K selection occurs in populations

Answer 46

near carrying capacity where competition is stronger

Question 47

r selection

Answer 47

selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments

Question 48

r selection occurs in populations

Answer 48

well below K with little competition

Question 49

density independent

Answer 49

a birth or death rate that does not change with population density

Question 50

density dependent

Answer 50

a birth or death rate that rises/falls inversely with population density

Question 51

examples of density dependent factors that regulate population growth

Answer 51

competition for resources, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic factors (hormones), territoriality, disease

Question 52

population dynamics

Answer 52

population fluctuations from year to year or place to place | focuses on biotic/abiotic factors that influence population

Question 53

metapopulation

Answer 53

when local populations are linked by immigration and emigration

Question 54

demographic transition

Answer 54

change from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates usually due to industrialization and improved living conditions, health care, education

Question 55

age structure

Answer 55

relative # of individuals of each age in the population

Question 56

infant mortality

Answer 56

infant deaths per 1000 live births

Question 57

life expectancy at birth

Answer 57

predicted average length of life at birth

Question 58

ecological footprint

Answer 58

concept of summary of land/water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all resources it consumes and absorb all waste it generates

Question 59

global carrying capacity could be limited by`

Answer 59

food, energy use, space, nonrenewable resources, etc.