Chapter 53: Population Ecology Flashcards

(59 cards)

1
Q

population ecology

A

study of population in relation to their environment

how abiotic and biotic factors influence density, distribution, size, age structure of populations

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2
Q

natural selection changees frequencies of

A

alleles and traits

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3
Q

population

A

group of individuals of same species living in same general area

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4
Q

density

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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5
Q

dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within boundaries of population

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6
Q

mark-recapture method

A

capture and tag individuals of population and repeat process

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7
Q

equation for mark-recapture method

A

N=sn/x
estimated population size = (#animals marked in first capture)(#animals captured in second sampling) / (#animals marked in second sampling)

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8
Q

density changes as individuals are

A

added/removed from a population

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9
Q

addition of animals

A

birth or immigration

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10
Q

removal of animals

A

death or emigration

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11
Q

local density patterns

A

clumped, uniform, random

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12
Q

clumped local density

A

individuals in groups for environmental reasons, mating behavior, predation or defense

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13
Q

uniform local density

A

evenly spaced individuals for territorial reasons

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14
Q

territoriality

A

defense of bounded space against encroachment by other individuals

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15
Q

random local density

A

unpredictable spacing when there is no strong attraction/repulsion among individuals

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16
Q

demography

A

study of vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

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17
Q

life tables

A

age specific summaries of survival pattern of population, follows fate of cohort until all are dead

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18
Q

cohort

A

group of individuals of same age

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19
Q

survivorship curve

A

plot of proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

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20
Q

type I survivorship curve

A

usually few offspring, but provide care and many survive to old age

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21
Q

type II survivorship curve

A

constant death rate over lifespan

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22
Q

type III survivorship curve

A

usually many offspring but many die at early age

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23
Q

reproductive table

A

age specific summary of reproductive rates in a population

measures reproductive output of a cohort from birth to death, tallies number of female offspring produced

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24
Q

change in population size =

A

births + immigrants -deaths - emigrants

25
per capita birth rate
offspring produced per unit time by average member of population (b)
26
equation to calculate expected number of births per year
B=bN
27
per capita death rate
individuals that die per unit time (m)
28
equation to calculate expected number of deaths per year
D=mN
29
per capita rate of increase (r)
difference between per capita birth and death rates
30
equation for r
r=b-m
31
r>0
growing population
32
r
population declining
33
ZPG
zero population growth when birth/death rates are equal
34
change in population over change in time =
rN
35
exponential growth
population growth under ideal conditions
36
exponential growth occurs when
populations introduced into new environment | number drastically reduced by catastrophic event
37
exponential growth equation
dN/dt = r(max)N
38
carrying capacity (K)
max population size an environment can sustain
39
carrying capacity equation
rmax x N x (K-N)/K
40
allele effect
individuals may have more difficult time surviving/reproducing if population is too small
41
life history
when reproduction begins, how often organism reproduces, how many offspring are reproduced
42
semelparity
one reproductive episode in which thousands of offspring are produced
43
heroparity
multiple reproduction episodes in which few offspring are produced
44
what contributes to whether species is semelparity or heroparity
survival rate of offspring, likelihood that adult will survive and reproduce again
45
K selection
selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and favored at high densities
46
K selection occurs in populations
near carrying capacity where competition is stronger
47
r selection
selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments
48
r selection occurs in populations
well below K with little competition
49
density independent
a birth or death rate that does not change with population density
50
density dependent
a birth or death rate that rises/falls inversely with population density
51
examples of density dependent factors that regulate population growth
competition for resources, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic factors (hormones), territoriality, disease
52
population dynamics
population fluctuations from year to year or place to place | focuses on biotic/abiotic factors that influence population
53
metapopulation
when local populations are linked by immigration and emigration
54
demographic transition
change from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates usually due to industrialization and improved living conditions, health care, education
55
age structure
relative # of individuals of each age in the population
56
infant mortality
infant deaths per 1000 live births
57
life expectancy at birth
predicted average length of life at birth
58
ecological footprint
concept of summary of land/water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all resources it consumes and absorb all waste it generates
59
global carrying capacity could be limited by`
food, energy use, space, nonrenewable resources, etc.