Chapter 55: Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Question 1

what do physical laws do

Answer 1

govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems

Question 2

what processes do ecosystem dynamics involve

Answer 2

energy flow and chemical cycling

Question 3

what is energy flow

Answer 3

• enters eco. as sunlight
• converted to chem energy by autotrophs
• passes heterotrophic as food
• dissipated as heat

Question 4

what is chemical cycling

Answer 4

• carbon and ntirogen are passed between abiotic and nonbiotic components
• photosynthetic and chemosynthetic take the decomposed elements and incorporate it into organims cooumpo
• organic compounds are consumed by animals
• energy is recycled

Question 5

what laws do ecosystems obey

Answer 5

thermodynamics and conservation of mass

Question 6

what is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 6

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only

transferred or transformed

Question 7

what is the seond law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

every exchange of energy increases the

entropy (disorder) of the universe

Question 8

what is the conservation of mass

Answer 8

matter cannot be created or destroyed

-

Question 9

chemical elements are…

Answer 9

continually recycled

Question 10

what are primary produces

Answer 10

autotrophs that build
organic molecules using either sunlight or
inorganic compounds as energy sources

Question 11

what are heterotrophs

Answer 11

consumers that depend
directly or indirectly on production by
primary producers

Question 12

herbivores are

Answer 12

primary consumers

Question 13

second conusmers

Answer 13

Carnivores that eat herbivores ar

Question 14

what is primary consumer

Answer 14

Herbivores are primary consumers; they

eat primary producers

Question 15

what are tertiary consumer

Answer 15

Carnivores that eat other carnivores are

Question 16

what are decomposers

Answer 16

heterotrophs that get their
energy from detritus, nonliving organic material
(such as remains of dead organisms, feces and
fallen leaves

Question 17

what are the main decomposers

Answer 17

Prokaryotes and fungi a

Question 18

What is primary production

Answer 18

amount of light energy converted to chemical energy

Question 19

what is a chemoautotrophs

Answer 19

are organisms that can fix inorganic carbon using a chemical energy obtained
through the oxidation of reduced compounds

Question 20

what does the total amount of photosynthetic production do

Answer 20

sets the spending limit for an eosystem’s energy budget

Question 21

what limits photosynthetic output

Answer 21

amount of solar radiation

Question 22

what is the total primary production

Answer 22

ecosystem’s gross primary production (

Question 23

what is GPP

Answer 23

-gross primary production
- measured as the conversion of energy from light (or chemicals) to the chemical
energy of organic molecules per unit time

Question 24

what is the NPP

Answer 24

like GPP but minus the energy for cellular respiration

- measure of total biomass accumulation

Question 25

what does NeP do

Answer 25

determines whether an ecosystem gains/loses carbon over time

Question 26

what is measured on land

Answer 26

CO2

Question 27

light limitation

Answer 27

Depth of light penetration affects primary production | in the photic zone

Question 28

where is the photic zone

Answer 28

top layer of an ocean or lake

Question 29

what is nutrient limitation

Answer 29

- limit primary prodction in oceans and lajes | - element that must be added for production

Question 30

what nutriens limit marine production

Answer 30

phosphorous and nitrogen

Question 31

what does Nitrogen nH3

Answer 31

nutrients that limit phyloplankton's growth in the ecosystem

Question 32

what can limit production in terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 32

soil nutrients

Question 33

Adding limiting nutrient

Answer 33

increase production

Question 34

what is eutrophication

Answer 34

process where primary production increases as an ecosystem changes from nutrient-poor to nutrient rich

Question 35

nutrients from where promote the growth of primary producers

Answer 35

sewage

Question 36

how does excess nitrogen cause algae bloom

Answer 36

fertilizes phytoplankton

Question 37

why do a large number of fish die

Answer 37

insufficient oxygen

Question 38

what does phosphorus do to cyanobacterial growth in lakes

Answer 38

limits the growth; this is also why we have phosphate free detergens

Question 39

what does cyanobacteria do to nutrients

Answer 39

promotes nutrient cycling

Question 40

what affects primary prodcution in terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 40

temperature and moisture

Question 41

what will increase npp

Answer 41

increase in temp and increase in the amount of solar energy | increase in precipitation

Question 42

which is a good climate for production

Answer 42

warm/ moist

Question 43

which climate is least productive

Answer 43

cold and dry

Question 44

what production climate do temperate forests and grasslands have

Answer 44

moderate production

Question 45

what predicts npp

Answer 45

evaptranspiration

Question 46

what is evapotranspiration

Answer 46

water transferrred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil

Question 47

why has npp been deleted

Answer 47

droughts in the southern hemisphere

Question 48

what do hotter droughts lead to

Answer 48

increased forest fires and beetle outbreaks

Question 49

what is the drought stress index

Answer 49

how greatly | trees are stressed by the condition

Question 50

what is an energy pyramid

Answer 50

represents the loss of | energy with each transfer in a food chain

Question 51

what is trophic efficiency

Answer 51

percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

Question 52

npp stand for

Answer 52

net product productivity

Question 53

secondary production in cater pillars

Answer 53

stored energy will be used for cellular respiration and the rest in its feces

Question 54

what range do birds and mammls have efficiencies in

Answer 54

1-3% bc of high cost of endothermy