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Biology 1306 > Chapter 22: Descent with modification > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Descent with modification Flashcards

1
Q

who published the Origin of Species

A

Charles darwin

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2
Q

what did the origin of species focus on

A

attention to the great diversity of
organisms

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3
Q

what did darwin note about current species

A

they are descendants of ancestral species

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4
Q

what did darwin use to define evolution

A

descendant with modification

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5
Q

what is the evolution of both of

A

a pattern and a process

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6
Q

what happened when the origin of species was published

A

started a scientific revolution

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7
Q

how did greek philosopher aristotle view species and how did he arrange them

A 
as fixed (unchanging) 
 arranged them on a scala naturae
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8
Q

what is scala naturae

A

scale that increases with complexity

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9
Q

who was farolus linnaeus

A
  • founder of taxonomy
  • developed binomial formal
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10
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms

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11
Q

what does descent with modification mean

A

evolution is the process by which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to their different environment

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12
Q

what is the pattern of evolution

A

revealed by scientific data showing that life has evolved over time

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13
Q

what is the process of evolution

A

consists of mechanims that cause pattern of change

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14
Q

how did studing fossils help darwin

A

helped lay the groundwork for darwins ideas

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15
Q

what are fossils

A

remains or tracs of organisms from the past

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16
Q

where are fossils usually found

A

sedimentary rock

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17
Q

what is paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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18
Q

what did geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell say about the Earth

A

perceived that
changes in Earth’s
the surface can result from
slow, continuous actions

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19
Q

what was Lamarck’s hypothesis of evolution

A

species
evolve through use and disuse of body
parts and the inheritance of acquired
characteristics

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20
Q

what is use and disuse

A

body parts used extensively become larger and stronger and unused parts deteriorate

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21
Q

what is the inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

modifications acquired in one’s lifetime can be passed to offspring

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22
Q

what was wrong with lamark’s hypothesis

A

it was not supported by evidence

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23
Q

where did darwin travel and what did he do

A
  • south america
  • collected species of south American plants and aniamls
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24
Q

what did darwin observe while in the galapagos

A

fossils resembled libing species from the same speciess

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25
what did darwin hypothesize in south america
species from south america had colonized the galapagos and speciated on the islands
26
what are adaptations
inherited characteristics that enhance an organism’s survival and reproduction in specific environments
27
what did darwin say about new species and adaptations
that new species arise from ancestral forms through the gradual accumulation of adaptations
28
in 1844 what did darwin write an essay on
natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modificationq
29
what is natural selection
process in which individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates because of those traits
30
what are the 3 observations in descent with modification?
- unity of life - diversity of life - ways organisms are suited to life in their environments
31
what did darwin say about organisms that live in different habitats
they gradually accumulated diverse modifications to fit them in specific ways of life
32
what does a fork mean in the branch/ tree diagram
the most recent common ancestor
33
what explains the large morphological gaps between related groups
branching and extinction events
34
how do humans modify species
artificial selection, breeding only
35
what organisms have little resemblance to their wild ancestors
crops, livestock animals, pets
36
what are the 2 observations that Charles darwin observed
- Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits - All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce
37
what is the inference of the observation: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
Individuals whose inherited traits gave them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individua
38
what is the inference of the second observation: All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce
The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations
39
how many offpsring complete development and reproduce and what happens to the rest
only a fraction of offpsring the rest are starved, eaten, unmated, diseased or intolerant of physical conditions
40
what are advantageous traits
: Favorable inherited traits that promote survival and reproduction
41
what do advantageous traits do
- increase the number of offspring that survive and reproduce which means they appear at a higher frequency in the next generation - increase the frequency of the populations with favorable conditions
42
what can increase the proportion of favorable traits in the population
natural selection by predators, lack of food, adverse conditions
43
what does natural selection increase
the frequency of adaptations that are favorable in an environment
44
what is the main rule of evolution
- indiviudals do not evolve; populations evolve over time
45
what happens to natural selection when the environment changes
natural selection drives adaptations to new conditions and give rise to new species
46
how can natural selection control traits
can only increase or decrease heritable traits that are variable in a population
47
how do favorable traits vary
they vary within the environment
48
what data documents the pattern of evolution
– Direct observations – Homology – The fossil record – Biogeography
49
what is Staphylococcus aureus
a bacterium that is commonly found on and occurs on the skin or nasal passages of people
50
what is methicillian-resistant S. Aureus
one strained dangerous pathogen that can cause fatal infections
51
what are the characteristics of the methicillin
-works by inhibiting an enzyme used by bacteria to produce cell walls
52
what does the MRSA bacteria use
a different enzyme in the cell wall that is not affected by methicillin
53
what happens when MRSA strains are exposed to methicillin
MRSA strains are more likely to survive and reproduce than nonresistant S. Aureus strains
54
what has happened to antiobotic resistance over the decades
antibiotic resistance has spread faster than new antibiotics have been discovered
55
what does natural selection not create
new traits but edits or selects traits already present in the population
56
how fast is evolution by natural selection
fast in species with short generation times
57
what determines how the straits will be selected or not selected
the local environment
58
what is homology
similarity resulting from a common ancestor
59
what are homologous structures
anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor
60
what is comparative embryology
reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms
61
what do all vertebrate embryos have
a post-anal tail and pharyngeal arches
62
63
what do the pharyngeal arches develop into
structures with very different functions in adults from different vertebrate groups
64
what are molecular homologies
genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor
65
what are evolutionary trees
diagrams that reflect hypotheses about the relationships among the different groups
66
what is relatedness is determined by what
the recent common ancestor, not the proximity of the groups of the tree
67
what can well supported be used to make
predictions about organisms
68
what is convergent evolution
evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups
69
what does convergent evolution not show
information about ancestry
70
when do analogous traits arise
when groups independently adapt to similar envionments in similar ways
71
what does the fossil record provide evidence of
the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within group over time
72
what can fossil document
important transitins such as the transition from land to sea in the ancestors of cetaceans
73
how do fossils provide evidence of cetaceans?
living cetaceans and their close relatives, are more different from each other today than were early cetaceans and even toed ungulates
74
what are the close relatives of cetaceans
75
what is biogeography
the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species and provides evidence of evolution
76
what influences species distributions
the continental drift
77
what is the continental drift
the gradual movement of earth's landmasses
78
why is it important to understand the continent movement and the modern distribution of species
allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved
79

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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