Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 1306 > chapter 40 > Flashcards

chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

what do all animals need to do

A

obtain nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection and survive to produce off so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is anatomy

A

biological structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is physiology

A

biological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what affects the way an animal interacts with its environment

A

size and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the body plan of an animal is programmed by

A

the genome itself, the product of million of years of evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do the physical laws do

A

govern strength, diffusion, movement of heat and exchange and limit the range of animal forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what limits the possible shapes for fast swimming animals

A

properties of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what often results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge

A

convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when animals increase in size what type of skeleton is required for support

A

thick skeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do muscles required for locomotion represent

A

a larger fraction of the total body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

at some point mobility becomes

A

limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what needs to be exchanged across the plasma membranes of animal cells

A

nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is proportional to a cells surface area

A

a rate of exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what cell has sufficient surface area to carry out the necessary exchange

A

single celled organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

description of a multicellular organisms

A
  • saclike body
  • body walls that are two cells thick
  • facilliate diffusion of materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the cells in tapeworms in contact with

A

their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do adaptations like specialized extensively branched or folded structures enable

A

sufficient exchange with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

most animals are composed of

A

cells that are organized into tissues with different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tissues make up what

A

organs, which make up the organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a complex body plan helps animal how

A

maintain a relatively stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 4 main types of animal tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the epithelial tissue cover

A

the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the shape of the epithelial

A

cubodial, columnar or squamos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the arrangement of the epithelial

A

simple, stratified, pseudodatrified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how many layers is the simple epithelial
single layer
26
how many layers is the stratified epithelial
multiple tiers of cells
27
how many layers is the pseudostratified
single layer of cells varying length
28
what tissue binds and supports other tissues
connective
29
what is connective tissue
sparsely packed cells scattered throughtout an extracellular matrix
30
what are the 3 types of connective tissue
collagenous, reticular, elastic fibers
31
what is collagenous fiber
provide strength and flexability
32
what is reticular fiber
join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
33
what is elastic fibers
stretch and snap back to their original length
34
what cells do connective tissues contain
fibroblasts and macrophages
35
what are fibroblasts
secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
36
what are macrophages
involved in the immune system
37
in vertebrates the fibers and the foundation combine to form
6 major types of connective tissues
38
what is loose connective tissue
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
39
what are fibrous connective tissues
found in tendons which attach muscles to bones and ligaments which connect bones at joints
40
what is mineralized and forms the skeleton
bone
41
what is the function of adipose tissue
stores fat for insulation and fuel
42
what is a strong and flexivle support material
cartilage
43
what is muscle tissue responsible for
all types of body movement
44
what does muscle tissues consist of
filaments of proteins actin and myosin
45
what do proteins actin and myosin enable
the muscles to contract
46
what is skeletal muscle
voluntary movement
47
what is the smooth muscle used for
involuntary movement
48
what is the cardiac muscle used for
contraction of the heart
49
what is the function of nervous tissue
processing and transmittion of information
50
what is nerve tissue made up of and that do the cells do
neurons or nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
51
what is the function of glial cells
they support the cells
52
what are the 2 major systems that animals have for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli
endocrine and nervous syetem
53
control and coordination within a body depend on what
endocrine and nervous system
54
how does the endocrine system function
releases signaling molecules called hormones into the bloodstream
55
what region can a hormone affect
there is not a specific region but it can affect regions throughout the body
56
are hormones slow acting or fast acting
slow acting with long lasting effect
57
what does the nervous system do
transmits informaiton between specific locations
58
is nerve signal transmission fast or slow
very fast
59
what is the endocrine system well adapted for
coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body like growth, development, reproduction, digestion and metabolic processes
60
what are the 5 things the endocrine system affects
1. growth 2. development 3. reproduction 4. digestion 5. metabolic processes
61
what is the nervous system adapted for
immediate responses
62
what maintains the internal environment in many animals
feedback control
63
what is a regulator
uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctiation
64
what is a conformer
allows its internal conditin to vary with certain external changes
65
what do organisms use homeostasis for
to maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment
66
what things are maintained at a constant level in humans
body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration
67
what does homeostasis in animals rely on
negative feedback which helps to return a variable to normal range
68
what is positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
69
what 3 things do homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve
form, function and behavior
70
what is thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range
71
how do endothermic animals generate heat
by metabolism
72
what are some exampls of endothermic animals
birds and mammals
73
what is unique about endotherms
maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in environmental temperature
74
what is more expensive endothermy or ectothermy
endothermy
75
what can ectotherms tolerate
greater variation in internal temperature
76
the body temperature of a homeotherm is what
constant
77
the body temperature of poikilotherm varies with what
its environment
78
what are the 4 physical processes that organisms exchange heat
- radiaiton - evaporation - convection - conduction
79
what body system is involved in heat regulation in mammals
integumentary system
80
what is the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
81
what are the 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
- insulation - circulatory adaptations - cooling and evaporative heat loss - behavioral responses - adjusting metabolic heat production
82
what is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds
insulation
83
skin, feathers, and fur reduce what
heat flow between an animal and its environment
84
what affects thermoregulation
regulation of blood flow near the body surface
85
what can endotherms and ectotherms do with blood
alter the amount of blood flowing between body core and skin
86
what happens in vasodilation
blood flow in the skin decreases lowering heat loss
87
what does the arrangement of blood vessels in many many marine mammals in birds allow
for countercurrent exchange
88
what is a countercurrent exchange
transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss
89
o Many mammals and birds live in places where regulating the body temperature requires
cooling in addition to warming of the body
90
how can animals lose heat through their skin
evaporation of water from their skin
91
how does sweating or bathing cool the skin
it moistens the skin and colls the animal down
92
what does panting do
increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals
93
what do ectotherms and endotherms use to control body temp
behavioral temps
94
how do ectotherms and endotherms control body temp
- seek warm places when cold and orient themselves toward heat sources - when hot they bathe and move closer to cooler areas
95
what contributes to thermoregulation in both endotherms and ectotherms
social behavior
96
what increases thermogenesis
muscle activity like moving shivering
97
when does nonshivering thermogenesis take place
when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity
98
what is the function of brown fat (animals)
specialized for rapid heat production

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions