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Biology 1306 > Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

single-celled organisms that make up domain bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

what environments are prokaryotes adapted to

A

diverse and extreme environments (too acidic, salty, cold, hot)

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3
Q

what is the most abundant organism on Earth

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

who were the first organisms to inhibit the Earth

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

what is biofilm

A

one or more prokaryotes grow on diff. surfaces

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6
Q

which is bigger prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

what shapes do prokaryotic cells come in

A

spheres(cocci), rods(bacilli) and spirals(spirilla)

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8
Q

what do nearly all prokaryotes have

A

cell wall

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9
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

maintain shape
protect the cell
prevent it from bursting in hypotonic environment

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10
Q

what do most bacterial cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

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11
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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12
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

polymer of proteins

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13
Q

what are eukaryote cell walls made of

A

cellulose or chitin

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14
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide sugar that is a fiber and is found in fruit and veggies

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15
Q

what is chitin

A

polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

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16
Q

what is gram stain

A

used by scientists to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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17
Q

what is gram-positive

A

bacteria have SIMPLE walls have LARGE amounts of peptidoglycan

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18
Q

what is gram-negative

A

bacteria have less peptidoglycan are more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

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19
Q

what are lipopolysaccharides

A

complex molecule that contains both lipid and polysaccharide parts

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20
Q

what is the peptidoglycan layer important for

A

cell wall structural integrity( primary component of the wall)

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21
Q

what do antibiotics do to peptidoglycan

A

target them and damage the bacterial cell walls

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22
Q

what are beta-lactam antibiotics

A 
a broad class of antibiotics that includes penicillin derivatives, 
cephalosporins
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23
Q

are B-lactam antibotics bacteriocidal?

A

yes, they inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls

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24
Q

what are glycopeptide antibiotics

A

include VANCOMYCIN, teicoplanin, telavancin, bleomycin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin

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25
what do glycopeptide antibiotics do
used to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis of the bacteria cell walls
26
which gram bacteria is more resistant to antibiotics
gram-negative bacteria
27
why are gram-negative bacteria more resistant to antibiotics
they have a largely impermeable cell wall and the wall is more complex, so they can't let a lot of things in
28
what is the sticky OUTER LAYER of a polysaccharide
capsule or slime layer is present in some prokaryotes
29
difference between capsule and slime layer
capsule if dense is well defined | slime layer: not well organized
30
what do both the slime layer can capsule do
enable attachment to the substrate or other individuals, and can shield pathogenic bacteria from the host immune system
31
when do bacteria form inactive endospores
when water or nutrients are lacking
32
what can endospores do
withstand extreme conditions and remain viable for centuries
33
prokaryotes have hairlike appendages called what
fimbriae
34
what do fimbriae do
allow them to stick to their substrate
35
what is pili (sex pili)
longer than fimbriae | - pulls cells together and enables the exchange of DNA
36
what stucture is commonly used by prokaryotes for movement
flagella
37
where are flagella on prokaryotes
may be scattered | concentrated at one or both ends
38
what is bacterial flagella composed of
- 42 different proteins | - motor, hook. filament
39
what do prokary. lack
complex compartmentalization
40
what do prokary. have instead of complex compartmentalization
``` specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions (infoldings of the cell membrane) ```
41
how many chromosomes do prokay. have
1 circular chromosome
42
prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
pro( lack nucleus, one circular chromosome, smaller rings of independently replicating DNA called plasmids) euk:( multiple linear chromosome, have a nucleus)
43
what is a plasmid
smaller rings of independtly replicating dna
44
what are the differences in dna replication, transcription and translation between euk and pro
- pro have less dna and produce fewer proteins( smaller ribosomes
45
why are the minor differences in DNA replication, | transcription, and translation between euk and pro important
These differences allow antibiotics to kill or inhibit bacterial cell growth without harming human cells
46
what are the 3 factors that contribute to high levels of genetic diversity in pro
Rapid reproduction, Mutation, and Genetic recombination
47
how do prokary. reproduce
asexually, binary fission
48
what is binary fission
offspring cells are generally identical
49
what do prokary. rapid adaptation to the environment indicate
highly evolved
50
what does rapid production of genetic diversity in prok. pop. enable
rapid adaptation by natural selection
51
what is genetic recombination
DNA from different individuals can be combined by transformation, transduction, or conjugation
52
what is horizontal gene transfer
Movement of genes between individual prokaryotes of different species
53
what is transformation
:prokaryotic cells incorporate foreign DNA taken up from their surroundings
54
what is transduction
:phages (from “bacteriophages,” viruses that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
55
what is conjugation
DNA is | transferred between two prokaryotic cells via pilli
56
what way is dna transfer in bacteria
one way, once cell donates the dna and the other receives it
57
steps for conjugation in e.coli
A pilus (Pili) of the donor cell attaches to the recipient – The pilus retracts, pulling the two cells together – DNA is transferred through a temporary structure called the “mating bridge”
58
what required to produce pili
dna piece called the F factor
59
what does the F factor exist as
plasmid or a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosome
60
what are dna donors during conjugation
cells containing the F factor or plasmid function
61
what are dna recepients during conjugation
Cells without the F factor function as DNA
62
F factor is transferable during when
conjuagation
63
what is a recombiant cell
F plasmids dna is transferred
64
autotroph
use light energy to make their own food
65
what is a photoautotroph
- light energy -carbon source: CO2 photosynthetic prokaryotes
66
chemoautogrouph (autotroph)
inorganic chemicals (NH3) carbon sournce: CO2 HCO3 unique to certain prokaryptes
67
photoheterotroph
- light energy - carbon sournce: organic compounds - unique to certain AQUATIC AND SALT LOVING PROKARY. - use light for energy but they don't just use CO2
68
chemoheterotroph
- organic comound carbon compounds: organic compounds - many prokaryotes
69
characteristics of oxygen metabolism in prokary.
- prok. metabolism varies due to O2 - oligate aerobes - obligate anerobes - facultative anerobes
70
what are oliagate aerobes
require O2 for cellular resipration
71
what are obligate anerobes
use fermentation
72
what is facultative anerbobes
Use O2 if it is present or carry out fermantation
73
what is essential in producing amino acids and nucleic acids
nitrogen
74
what is nitrogen fixation
prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen N2 to ammonia NH3
75
what does cooperation among cells of prokaryotes allow
use environmental | resources they could not use as individual cells
76
what happens in cyanobacterium
photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts (or heterocytes) exchange metabolic products
77
what are heterocytes
nitrogen fixing cells
78
how long do prokaryotes date back to
3.5 billion years ago
79
what organism is in every environment known to support life
prokaryotes
80
what reveals prokaryotic diversity
advances in genomics
81
what led to the division of prokaryotes into 2 domains
genetic anaylsis
82
what are evolutionary relationships not reflected by
shape, nutritional mode, or motility
83
what has redefined phylogenetic groups
PCR; polymerase chain reaction
84
bacteria includes what species
prokaryotic species familiar to most people
85
what is repersented among bacteria
diverse nutriional types
86
what are the different bacterias
- proteobacteria - chlamydias - spirochetes - cyanobacteria - gram positive bacteria
87
what bacteria is associated with proteobacteria
thiomargarita
88
what disease is associated with chlamydias
chlamydia
89
what disease is associated with spirochetes
leptospira
90
what disease is associated with gram-positive bacteria
steptomyces
91
proteobacteria
- gram negattive | - photoauto, chemoauto and hetero
92
what is an example of proteobacteria
sulfur bacterium thiomargarita is an autotroph
93
examples of heterotrophic probacteria pathogens
gonorrhea, cholera, ulcer
94
characteristics of chlamydias
- parasitize animal cells | - gram negative walls (lack peptid)
95
what diseases does chlamydias cause
chla,ydia | common cause of blindness
96
characteristics of spirochetes
- helical gram negative heterotrophs - rotating internal filaments - many are free living others are pathogens
97
cyanobacteria characteristics
- gram negative photoautotroph - plant chloroplasts evolved from this bacteria - solitary fliamentous cyanobacteria are abundant of freshwater and marine phytoplankton

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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