Chapter 6

Question 1

process of learning by association, where different stimuli come to elicit the same response

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Answer 2

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 3

unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Answer 3

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 4

previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Answer 4

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 5

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Answer 5

conditioned response (CR)

Question 6

changes in the linking of a stimulus resulting from pairing that stimulus with other stimuli

Answer 6

evaluative conditioning

Question 7

initial stage of learning a new response tendency

Answer 7

acquisition

Question 8

gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Answer 8

extinction

Question 9

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

spontaneous recovery

Question 10

reappearance of an extinguished response upon the return to the acquisition environment

Answer 10

renewal effect

Question 11

tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

Answer 11

stimulus generalization

Question 12

differentiation of related stimuli from the conditioned stimulus, so the conditioned response is not elicited

Answer 12

stimulus discrimination

Question 13

conditioned stimulus that functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 13

higher-order conditioning

Question 14

form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Answer 14

operant conditioning

Question 15

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

Answer 15

reinforcement

Question 16

reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Answer 16

Shaping

Question 17

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Answer 17

primary reinforcer

Question 18

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Answer 18

secondary reinforcer

Question 19

occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Answer 19

continuous reinforcement

Question 20

occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Answer 20

intermittent reinforcement

Question 21

reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

Answer 21

fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

Question 22

reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

Answer 22

variable-ratio (VR) schedule

Question 23

reinforcer is given for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed

Answer 23

fixed-interval (FI) schedule

Question 24

reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Answer 24

variable-interval (VI) schedule

Question 25

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus

Answer 25

positive reinforcement

Question 26

occurs when a response is strengthened because of the removal of an aversive stimulus

Answer 26

negative reinforcement

Question 27

acquisition of a response by an organism to prevent some aversive stimulation from occurring

Answer 27

avoidance learning

Question 28

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Answer 28

Punishment

Question 29

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs

Answer 29

latent learning

Question 30

occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others

Answer 30

observational learning

Question 31

changes in the linking of a stimulus resulting from pairing that stimulus with other stimuli

Answer 31

evaluative conditioning