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Psychology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two disciplines is psychology deeply rooted in?

A

Philosophy and physiology 

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2
Q

Who is the father of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

First definition of psychology 

A

The study of the mind or the scientific study of conscious experience 

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4
Q

Structuralism 

A

Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related 

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5
Q

Introspection

A

The process by which a person gains knowledge about his or her mental emotion or emotional state as a result of the examination or observation of their conscious thoughts or feelings.

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

Investigate the function of consciousness rather than its structure 

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7
Q

Who won the battle of the schools?

A

No one 

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8
Q

Who founded psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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9
Q

What does psychoanalytic theory focus on?

A

On unconscious determinants of behavior

Raises the idea that not everything in our behavior is under conscious control 

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10
Q

Who founded behaviorism? 

A

John B Watson

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11
Q

What do behavioral believe psychological research should study

A

Scientific psychology should only study observable behavior 

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12
Q

What is behavior?

A

Overt response or activity by an organism

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13
Q

According to BF Skinner, what drives behavior

A

Behaviors are driven by consequences not by conscious decisions 

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14
Q

What myth did Leta Stetter Hollingworth research debunk ? 

A

Debunk the myth that women are not a smart as men 

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15
Q

Clinical psychology how was it born and what is it? 

A

Emerged during and after World War II to screen, military recruits and traumatize soldiers

It is a branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders


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16
Q

Define cognition 

A

Refers to the mental process involved in acquiring knowledge 

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17
Q

What do cognitive psychologist argue that psychology should study?

A

They argue that psychology must include the study of internal mental events to fully understand human behavior 

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18
Q

Humanism

A

Emphasizes unique qualities of humans, such as individual freedom, and potential for personal growth 

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19
Q

Positive psychology 

A

Focus on how to make humans thrive rather than how to fix them

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20
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Theoretical perspective, that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value

Patterns of behaviors are products of evolution 

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21
Q

Cultural psychology 

A

Emphasizes understanding how other cultures interact and behave 

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22
Q

What is the difference between a psychologist and psychiatrist? 

A

Psychiatrist can prescribe medication and have a medical degree

Psychologist have a PhD PSYD or EDD 

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23
Q

What is the current definition of psychology?

A

The study of behavior, including the psychological and cognitive process that underlie it 

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24
Q

Behavior is shaped by 

A

Culture

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25
The five steps of a scientific investigation
Hypothesis, method, collect, analyze, and report 
26
Theory
System of interrelated ideas, used to explain a set of observations 
27
Hypothesis
A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables based on a theory 
28
Operational definition
Operations by which a variable will be measured Ex. Someone my operationally define height as a number of inches from a persons heels to the top of their head 
29
Independent variable
The cause, the variable that is manipulated
30
Dependent variable
The effect, the variable that is affected by the manipulation 
31
Experimental group
Participants or subjects receive special treatment
32
Control group
Participants or subjects receive no treatment 
33
Extraneous Variable
Any variable other than the IV that could potentially influence the DV in a specific study 
34
Confounding variable
An extraneous variable, which is linked with the IV in such a way that it is difficult to determine which variable is influencing the DV 
35
Random assignment 
A procedure, in which all subjects in a study, have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition 
36
Correlation
The extent to which two variables are related to each other 
37
Correlation coefficient
The strength of a correlation which ranges from -1.00 or from +1.00 
38
Positive correlation
Indicates that two variables tend to increase and decrease together 
39
Negative correlation
Indicates that one variable increases the other tends to decrease 
40
What two aspects of correlation are researchers, primarily interested in
Direction and strength 
41
Correlation does not imply
Causation
42
Naturalistic observation
Careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with subjects/ participants
43
Case studies
An in-depth investigation of an individual or special group 
44
Surveys
Questionnaires or interviews to gather data on attitudes , beliefs or behaviors
45
Sampling bias
Taking a sample that may not be representative of the population
46
Placebo effects
Participants expectations lead them to experience change rather than an actual effects of the IV 
47
Social desirability bias
Attendance to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself 
48
Experimenter bias
A researchers expectations or preference about the outcome of a study that influence the results obtained 
49
Neurons
Individual cells in the nervous system that receive integrate and transmit information 
50
Soma
Contains the nucleus and chemical machinery common to most cells 
51
Dendrite
The part of the neuron that receives information 
52
Axon
Long thin fiber that transmit signals to other neuron, muscles or glands 
53
Myelin Sheath
Insulating material that surrounds the axon 
54
Synapse
A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another 
55
Terminal buttons
Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters 
56
What do glial cells do?
Provide various types of support for neurons Supply nourishment Remove waste product Provide insulation around axon 
57
Resting potential
Stable negative charge when the cell is inactive 
58
Action potential
Brief shift in neurons electrical charge that travels along the axon 
59
Absolute refractory period
Minimum length of time, after an action potential, during which another action potential cannot begin 
60
Reuptake
When neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cliff by the pre-synaptic membrane 
61
Post synaptic cell 
the cell that receives the signal from the synapse
62
Pre-synaptic cell
the cell that transmits a signal toward a synapse
63
Neurotransmitter
Chemicals that transmit information
64
Synaptic vesicles
Small sacs where neurotransmitters are stored in the terminal button 
65
The neuron is more _________ charged when it is at rest 
Negative
66
What is the basic idea of the all or nonlaw?
neurons will either transmit an impulse over the synapse to the next neuron completely or not at al
67
Can a neuron half fire?
No
68
What is the final step of neurotransmission?
Reuptake
69
What is dopamine involved in?
Reward, pleasure, motivation, voluntary movement 
70
What is serotonin involved in?
Regulation of mood, sleep, arousal, hunger 
71
Somatic nervous system
Nerves to voluntary muscle and sensory receptors Afferent nerves - incoming nerves from periphery to CNS Efferent nerves - outgoing from CNS to periphery 
72
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Nerves to heart, blood vessels, smooth, muscles, and glands Sympathetic division - mobilizes, fight or flight response Parasympathetic division - conversion of bodily resources 
73
The three divisions of the brain
Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain (biggest)
74
Cerebellum
Movement and physical balance
75
Medulla
Regulating heart rate and breathing
76
Pons
Sleep/arousal
77
Reticular formation
Responsible for modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, pain perception
78
Thalamus
Relays sensory information from the body to different areas of the brain for processing
79
Hypothalamus
Regulation of biological needs Four F’s : fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating 
80
Hippocampus
Involved in learning and memory 
81
Amygdala
Involved in fear responses 
82
Four lobes of the brain
Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe
83
Occipital lobe
Visual signals and processing 
84
Parietal lobe
Includes the area that registers our sense of touch 
85
Temporal lobe
Auditory processing
86
Frontal lobe
Voluntary movement, verbal expression, and executive functions 
87
What is the difference between MRI and fMRI?
MRI the use of magnetic fields, radio waves and computerize enhancement to map out brain structure and fMRI a variation of MRI that can monitor blood flow and oxygen, conception, and brain to identify areas of high activity 
88
What is the endocrine system?
the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior
89
Consciousness
Awareness of internal and external stimuli 
90
Sleep
A natural and reversible state of reduced responsiveness to external stimuli and relative inactivity, accompanied by a loss of consciousness 
91
What does EEG measure?
Monitors the electrical activity of the brain overtime by way of electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp 
92
What sleep stages are the following EEG waves associated with? THETA
Drowsiness
93
What sleep stages are the following EEG waves associated with? DELTA
Sleep, dreaming
94
Biological rhythm
Periodic fluctuation in physiological functioning
95
Circadian rhythm
24 hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species 
96
How does melatonin influence level of tiredness?
Hormone which helps control, sleep, and wakes cycle 
97
Stage one
5 to 10 minutes Brain power down to 50% or more producing theta waves Hypnagogic imagery
98
Stage two
10 to 30 minutes Body temp drops heart rate slows Sleep spindles
99
Stage three
15 to 30 minutes Muscle relax Deep, slow, wave sleep DELTA WAVES
100
REM SLEEP
A deep stage of sleep, mark by rapid eye, movement and high frequency brain waves 
101
What is hypnagogia?
the transitional state from wakefulness to sleep
102
Does activity in the amygdala and hippocampus increase or decrease during REM sleep?
Increase
103
Adaptive theories
all species have adapted to sleep during periods of time when wakefulness would be the most hazardous
104
Restorative theories
sleep allows for the body to repair and replete cellular components necessary for biological functions that become depleted throughout an awake day
105
Memory consolidation theory
the process by which a temporary, labile memory is transformed into a more stable, long-lasting form
106
Insomnia
Chronicle problems and getting adequate sleep that results in daytime, fatigue, and impaired functioning
107
Narcolepsy
Mark by sudden and irresistible onset of sleep during normal normal waking periods 
108
Dream protection theory
Chief, purpose of dreams as wish fulfillment
109
Activation synthesis
Dreams reflect the brains at attempt to make sense of random and internally generated neural signals during REM
110
Sedatives
Relaxation, anxiety, reduction, and pain relief
111
Stimulants
Elation, excitement, increase, alertness, increase energy, and reduce fatigue 
112
Hallucinogens
Increase sensory awareness, euphoria, altered, perceptions, hallucinations, and insightful experiences 
113
What are the symptoms of substance use disorder?
Significant impairment or distress, which occurs as a result of drug use
114
Tolerance
More of the drugs needed to achieve intoxication
115
Dependency 
Drug is used to avoid withdrawal symptoms 

Psychology 101 (6 decks)

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