chapter 6

Question 1

What is longterm memory?

Which memory does it work closely with?

Answer 1

It is memory that stores information from as short as a few minutes ago to as long as you can remember

the more recent the memories the more detailed

works closely with working memory

Question 2

What is the primacy effect?

Why is this believed to happen?

Answer 2

It is when you remember the first items you said on a list better than the most recent

This is believed to happen because the words at the begininning of the list are rehearsed more and transferred into longterm memory

Question 3

What is the recency effect?

Why is this believed to happen?

Answer 3

when the most recent words from a list are easy to recall

This was initially believed to happen because the last few words were still in short term memory and working memory

Question 4

What is the relationship of primacy and rehearsal?

Answer 4

When participants vocally rehearse, the number of rehearsal corresponds to ability to recall

Question 5

What is the relationship between recency and time?

Why does this happen?

Answer 5

If there is a delay added between the list being shown and recall of it, the recency effect is limited

Believed to be the decay of short term memory

Question 6

What is the difference between long-term memory and working memory?

Answer 6

The difference is that long term memory can store info for long periods and different amounts of info

ltm also encodes or represents info differently

Question 7

What is coding?

Answer 7

it is the way that info is represented

Question 8

How is info coded in short term memory?

Answer 8

It is coded using mental / informational codes and physiological codes

Question 9

What is a mental or informational code?

Answer 9

It is how stimulus/experiences are represented in the mind

uses sensory surroundings

ex: visual, auditory, semantic, etc.

Question 10

What are physiological codes?

Answer 10

It is how stimulus is represented by the firing of neurons

specifically population and sparse coding

Question 11

How is info coded in working memory?

What is a semantic?

Answer 11

It is coded by the phonological loop (auditory codes), visual-spatial sketchpad (visual codes), and semantics

a semantic is a meaning based code

Question 12

How is info coded in long term memory?

What type of coding is mainly used?

Answer 12

It is used to store info that can be understood by the memory errors people make

mainly coded through semantic coding

Question 13

What is semantic coding?

What do you remember?

Answer 13

It’s coding based off meaning of info

remember the meaning but not exact words

Question 14

Does long term memory and short term memory come from different memory systems used by different parts of the brain?

Answer 14

Working memory and long term memory at least use partially different areas of the brain

Question 15

What are the two types of amnesia

Answer 15

Antergograde amnesia and retrograde amnesisa

Question 16

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 16

it is an inability to remember info after the start of amnesia

Question 17

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 17

it is an inibility to remember info before amnesia

Question 18

What damaged areas of the brain cause anterograde amnesia?

Answer 18

damaged hippocampus and surrounding regions

not having retrograde amnesia tells us memories aren’t stored in hippocampus

Question 19

What are the types of long term memory?

Answer 19

Implicit / non-declarative and explicit/ declaritive

Question 20

What is implicit/non-declarative long term memory?

Answer 20

it is the unconscious memory where you can’t explain why you know something

ex: you can walk but don’t know how

Question 21

What is explicit/ declarative long term memory?

Answer 21

It is concious memory where you can explain experiences and facts

Question 22

What are the 2 types of explixit/declartive memory?

Answer 22

episodic memory and semantic memory

Question 23

What is episodic memory?

Answer 23

it is memory for personal experiences, such as episodes of your life

ex. I remember when I ate that giant cookie in Florida

Question 24

What is semantic memory?

Answer 24

It is memory for general knowledge and facts but don’t remember how you know

ex. I know that Florida has giant cookies but I don’t know why I know

Question 25

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 25

with no episodic memory you can't relive past memories, and with a semantic memory you can remember general knowlege about the past

Question 26

What is the relationship between episodic and semantic memory? | What kind of significance makes semantic memories easier to remember?

Answer 26

Semantic memory can be bettered by connecting it to episodic memory | personal significance makes semantic memories easier to recall

Question 27

When we age, what memory do we rely more on? | What is this known as

Answer 27

We rely more on semantic memories for distant memories | semantization

Question 28

What is the constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis?

Answer 28

It is the belief that episodic memory helps us predict the future by basing new experiences on past ones

Question 29

What are 3 kinds of implicit/non-declaritive memory?

Answer 29

Priming, procedural, and conditioning

Question 30

What is priming?

Answer 30

a change in response to a stimulus due to a previous presentation of the stimulus or related stimulus | ex. saying yellow would make someone think of a banana faster than a tv

Question 31

What is positive priming?

Answer 31

priming that leads to improved performance | it can increase speed or accuracy on a test ## Footnote ex. recognizing a word fast when has been previously seen

Question 32

What is repetition priming?

Answer 32

priming where the initially show primed stimulus is the same or relates to the test stimulus ## Footnote ex. show the word bird (priming stimulus) then later ask the question "is this an animal"

Question 33

What is conceptual priming?

Answer 33

Priming where the first shown priming stimulus is different from the test stimulus but is related | ex. big and huge, furniture and chair

Question 34

What is fragment/stem completion?

Answer 34

list of words are shown then the participants need to respond, the a word with missing letters is shown has to be filled in

Question 35

What is propaganda effect?

Answer 35

It is the idea that more you are exposed to a stimuli the more likely you are to like it or believe it is true

Question 36

What is procedural learning?

Answer 36

It is a skill memory, such as walking or riding a bike | you don' know where or when the skill was learned ## Footnote you can know how to do something but don't know how it works

Question 37

What is expert-induced amnesia?

Answer 37

It is when tasks that depend on highly practiced procedural memory so it becomes automatic | ex Clive had extreme anterograde amnesisa but knew how to play the piano

Question 38

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 38

it is an automatic associative learning where when one event occurs it is expected for another event to occur