Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO110 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

1
Q

photosynthesis

A

light energy —> chemical energy (sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

photosynthesis is done by what types of organisms ?

A
  • plants
  • algae
  • some protists
  • some prokaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cellular respiration

A

chemical energy (sugar) —> ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cellular respiration is done by what types of organisms ?

A

practically all organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

respiration

A

breathing; exchanging O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation Is Lost
Reduction Is Gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

at the end of cellular respiration O2 becomes what ?

A

reduced to water (O2 —> H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

at the end of cellular respiration glucose becomes what ?

A

oxidized to CO2 (c6h12o6 —> CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is cellular respiration an exergonic / endergonic reaction ?

A

exergonic
- the chem. energy in the bonds of glucose is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what percent of energy produced is usable and released as heat ?

A

34% is usable
66% is released as heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cellular respiration equation ?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many g of energy, in the form of glucose, does the brain need each day ?

A

120 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the brain uses what percent of all energy consumption ?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

innate bodily functions and maintaining cells uses what percent of all energy consumption ?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

kilocalories

A

kcal / cal; energy unit
- a quantity of heat = to 1000kcal
- quantity of heat required to raise 1kg of H2O by 1°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the energy (kcal) requirement also known as ?

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

avg adult needs how many kcal per day?

A

2200 kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

kcal needed per day is dependent on what factors ?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • activity level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do cells extract energy from fuel (glucose) ?

A

by transferring electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

redox reactions

A

reduction-oxidation reactions; electrons lost (oxidized) from one substance and added (reduced) to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron; always goes with reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons; always goes with oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what shows the transfer of electrons between substances ?

A

the movement of hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

NAD+

A

coenzyme that accepts electrons
- shuttles electrons in redox reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does NAD+ turn into when it accepts electrons ?
NADH
26
dehydrogenase
transfers 2 H atoms from fuel ---> NAD+ = NADH
27
what happens to the fuel when it is acted on by dehydrogenase ?
oxidized; it is losing electrons to dehydrogenase
28
what happens to the NAD+ when it is acted on by dehydrogenase ?
reduced; it is gaining electrons from dehydrogenase
29
ETC
electron transport chain; multiple electron carriers that shuttle electrons for a series of redox reactions
30
what is at the end of the ETC and why is it that substance ?
O2, because O2 is extremely electronegative and it attracts the electrons down the ETC
31
what is released during the ETC and what are those substances released used for ?
releases controlled amounts of ATP to produce ATP
32
1 glucose produces around how much ATP ?
32 ATP
33
stages of cellular respiration ?
1) glycolysis 2) pyruvate oxidation & citric acid cycle 3) oxidative phosphorylation
34
glycolysis
- w/o O2 in cytosol - 9 total enzymatic reactions - produces ATP by substrate-lvl phosphorylation - breaks down glucose into two pyruvate
35
how much investment is needed to start glycolysis for cellular respiration ?
2 ATP
36
NET yield of glycolysis ?
- 2 ATP - 2 NADH - 2 pyruvate
37
substrate-lvl phosphorylation
form ATP by transferring phosphate group to ADP
38
intermediates
compounds formed between the initial / final product
39
steps of glycolysis in the "investment phase" ?
stages 1-4
40
Stage 1-3 of glycolysis
stage 1 and 3 = ATP is added into glucose
41
stage 4 of glycolysis
6C glucose splits into 2 3C G3P chains
42
steps of glycolysis in the "energy payoff phase "
stages 5-9
43
how many times does energy pay off phase run from 1 glucose ?
2 times; glucose is split into 2 G3P - stages can run twice
44
stage 5 of glycolysis
redox reaction generates NADH - 2 phosphate groups add to G3P - 2 NAD+ gain electrons from G3P
45
stages 6-9 of glycolysis
ATP and pyruvate is produced stage 6 = 2 ADP gains phosphate groups from G3P stage 8 = H2O leaves stage 9 = 2 ADP gains phosphate groups from G3P
46
in glycolysis, how many total substrate phosphorylation reactions occur for 1 glucose molecule ?
4 total; stage 6 = 2 reactions stage 9 = 2 reactions
47
how many times can pyruvate phosphorylation and citric acid cycle run per 1 glucose molecule ?
2 times; - from the two pyruvate made form glycolysis
48
pyruvate oxidation
- needs O2 in mitochondria - turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA
49
stages 1-3 of pyruvate oxidation
stage 1 = 1 CO2 leaves stage 2 = NAD reduced into NADH + H+ stage 3 = coenzyme A joins
50
NET yield of 1 turn of pyruvate oxidation ?
1 NADH + H+
51
NET yield of pyruvate oxidation w/ 1 molecule of glucose ?
2 NADH + H+
52
stage1 of citric acid cycle
acetyl CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetate (4C) to make citrate (6C) - NAD+ reduced NADH + H+
53
stage 2-3 of citric acid cycle
NADH, CO2 made during redox reaction - CO2 leaves - NAD+ becomes reduced to NADH + H+
54
stage 3 of citric acid cycle
ATP made during redox reaction - ADP + P reduced to ATP
55
stage 4 of citric acid cycle
FADH2 made during redox reaction - FAD reduced FADH2
56
stage 5 of citric acid cycle
H2O joins
57
stage 6 of citric acid cycle
NADH made during redox reaction - NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+
58
NET yield of one turn of the citric acid cycle
- 1 ATP - 3 NADH + H+ - 1 FADH2
59
NET yield of citric acid cycle w/ one molecule of glucose ?
- 2 ATP - 6 NADH + H+ - 2 FADH2
60
how much CO2 and ATP has been produced in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle ?
- 6 CO2 (all in stage 2) - 4 ATP (2 from each)
61
total number of NADH and FADH2 produced from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle ?
- 10 NADH (2 : 2 : 6) - 2 FADH2 (only citric acid cycle)
62
oxidative phosphorylation
- w/ oxygen - intermembrane of mitochondria - ETC - chemiosmosis
63
how does the ETC in oxidative phosphorylation work ?
- electrons carriers (NADH / FADH2) transport electrons through ETC - 3 locations of electron transfers which actively transports(H+ ions) electrons into intermembrane space - all heading towards O2 at end of ETC - O2 then reduced to H20 by leftover H+ ions w/o electrons
64
how does chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation work ?
- H+ ions in intermembrane space diffuse through ATP synthase back into mitochondrial matrix - ATP synthase's internal rod rotates w/ diffusion of H+ ions - rotation activates sites that phosphorylate ADP ---> ATP
65
ATP synthase
group of membrane proteins in chemiosmosis working with the ETC - uses energy of H+ ion concentration to produce ATP
66
what affect would the absence of O2 have on oxidative phosphorylation ?
no O2 to pull electrons from electron carriers (FADH2 NADH) = electrons (H+) could not be harnessed to make ATP
67
what step is majority of ATP produced in ?
step 3; oxidative phosphorylation - 90% of ATP is made here
68
NET yield of oxidative phosphorylation ?
about 28 ATP
69
where is O2 used in cellular respiration ?
in step 3; oxidative phosphorylation
70
where is CO2 produced in cellular respiration ?
in step 2; pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
71
fermentation
harvesting ATP w/o O2 - only step 1 glycolysis is used - anaerobic path to recycle NADH ---> NAD+
72
lactic acid fermentation
glycolysis w/ reduction of pyruvate ---> lactate - muscle cells and certain bacterial cells - make cheese / yogurt
73
how does lactic acid fermentation work ?
2 pyruvate reduced by the 2 NADH from glycolysis - NADH ---> NAD+ ; recycled back to glycolysis for reuse
74
alcoholic fermentation
glycolysis w/ reduction of pyruvate ---> ethyl alcohol - yeast and certain bacterial cells
75
how does alcoholic fermentation work ?
2 pyruvate reduced by 2 NADH from glycolysis - 2 CO2 leave - NADH ---> NAD+ ; recycled back to glycolysis for reuse
76
obligate anaerobes
require anaerobic conditions / poisoned by O2; only fermentation - prokaryotes in stagnate H2O / deep in soil
77
facultative anaerobes
can do both fermentation / oxidative phosphorylation - yeast for beer / wine - will prefer oxidative phosphorylation since more efficient
78
glucose fed yeast cell is moved from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, to continue making ATP at the same rate as anaerobic conditions, how would glucose consumption rate need to change ?
would need to consume the glucose 16x as fast in the anaerobic condition compared to the aerobic condition - only 2 ATP anaerobically vs. 32 ATP aerobically (2 x 16 = 32)
79
why is glycolysis assumed to be an ancient metabolic pathway ?
- occurs universally (fermentation / respiration - does not require oxygen - does not occur in membrane close organelle
80
where are sugars from carbohydrates used in cellular respiration ?
glucose (glycolysis)
81
where are fatty acids from fats used in cellular respiration ?
acetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation)
82
where is glycerol from fatty acids used in cellular respiration ?
G3P (glycolysis)
83
where are amino acids from proteins used in cellular respiration ?
- pyruvate (glycolysis) - acetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation) - oxaloacetate (citric acid cycle)
84
how does rotenone (rat poisoning) affect cellular respiration ?
displaces O2 in oxidative phosphorylation - prevents H+ from attaching to last electron carrier (O2)
85
how does cyanide / carbon monoxide affect cellular respiration ?
displaces O2 in oxidative phosphorylation - prevents H+ from attaching to last electron carrier (O2)
86
how does DNP affect cellular respiration ?
causes H+ to leak through membrane - less and less H+ going to ATP synthase = less ATP made
87
how does oligomycin affect cellular respiration ?
prevents ATP synthase from occurring

BIO110 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions