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BIO110 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

The Working Cell

1
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

molecules suspended in a fluid phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

selective permeability

A

property of plasma membrane; regulates entry / exit of substances

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3
Q

six different functions of proteins in a plasma membrane ?

A

1) attachment to cytoskeleton
2) signal reception / relay
3) enzymatic activity
4) cell-to-cell recognition
5) intracellular joining
6) transport of substances

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4
Q

diffusion (passive transport)

A

movement of particles down concentration gradient w/ no cellular energy used

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5
Q

concentration gradient

A

areas of high and low density of substances in an area

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6
Q

movement of substances in diffusion ?

A

down concentration gradient; move solutes from high concentration area to low concentration area

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7
Q

net diffusion

A

overall directional movement of substances

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8
Q

osmosis

A

free water diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane

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9
Q

what is the point of osmosis ?

A

balances water in / out of cell; make in / out of cell reach equilibrium

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10
Q

water movement between a 0.5% sucrose solution and a 2% sucrose solution will move into which solution ?

A

water will move into the 2% sucrose solution to reach equilibrium

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11
Q

tonicity

A

surrounding ability to make cell gain / lose water; depends on the solutes in / out of cell

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12
Q

isotonic

A

no net movement; equilibrium

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13
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration solute compared to another solution

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14
Q

what happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution ?

A

water will rush into the animal cell to reach equilibrium; the animal cell will be lysed (bursts)

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15
Q

what happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution ?

A

water will rush into the plant cell to reach equilibrium; due to the cell wall, the plant will be turgid (stiff)

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16
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration solutes compared to another solution

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17
Q

what happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution ?

A

water will move out of the animal cell into the environment to reach equilibrium; the animal cell will shrivel

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18
Q

what happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution ?

A

water will move out of the plant cell into the environment to reach equilibrium; the plant cell will become plasmolyzed (limp)

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19
Q

osmoregulation

A

homeostatic maintenance of solute concentration and water

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20
Q

facilitated diffused

A

diffusion using transport / carrier proteins in plasma membrane; for polar / large / charged substances

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21
Q

aquaporin

A

type of transport protein; facilitates water diffusion

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22
Q

carrier proteins

A

they open on one side, close all together, then open on the other side ( /\, O, \/)

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23
Q

transport protein

A

direct open channel for substances ( || )

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24
Q

how do transport proteins contribute to selective permeability ?

A

they transport only certain particles and affect what is brought in / out of cell

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25
Q

active transport

A

use cellular energy to transport solute against concentration gradient; high to low concentration

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26
Q

how does active transport work ?

A

ATP binds to transport proteins to open and allow solutes to pass

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27
Q

cells actively transport Ca2+ out of the cell, is Ca2+ more concentrated in / out of the cell ?

A

out the cell if it is being actively moved out the cell, against its concentration gradient

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28
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicles moving out of cell w/ material

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29
Q

where do vesicles to be transported for exocytosis come from ?

A

the golgi body makes vesicles to be kept in the cell or to be transported out of the cell

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30
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes in large molecules / fluid

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31
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs particle turning substances into vesicles once inside (food, etc.)

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32
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

receptors on plasma membrane pick up specific coinciding particles and make a protein coated vesicle once inside (cholesterol, etc.)

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33
Q

as a cell grows the plasma membrane expands, does that involve exo / endocytosis ?

A

exocytosis since the vesicles being transported out of the cell fuse / add to the cell membrane

34
Q

all chemical reactions involve what ?

A

transformation of energy / matter

35
Q

energy

A

capacity to cause change / do work

36
Q

3 main forms energy ?

A

1) kinetic
2) thermal
3) potential

37
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion / moving

38
Q

thermal energy

A

energy of random atom / molecule movement (includes heat energy)

39
Q

heat energy

A

transfer of thermal energy from one piece of matter to another

40
Q

potential energy

A

energy from matter’s location / structure (includes chemical energy)

41
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy to be released from chemical reactions

42
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformation in a system of matter

43
Q

system of matter

A

matter under study

44
Q

universe of matter

A

all other external matter not being focused on / studied

45
Q

1st law of thermodynamicws

A

energy can only be transformed / transferred; not created / destroyed

46
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A
  • energy conversion reduces order; increases entropy
  • ordered form of matter release heat
47
Q

entropy

A

measure of disorder / randomness / chaos

48
Q

cellular respiration

A

transforming chemical energy into energy (ATP)

49
Q

cellular respiration includes what steps ?

A
  • glycolysis
  • pyruvate oxidation
  • citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
50
Q

the percent yield split up of cellular respiration produces what ?

A

~34% make energy (ATP)
~66% is lost as heat

51
Q

how does 2nd law of thermodynamics explain solute diffusion

A

diffusion means that there is more solutes being transferred from one section to another and so an increase in solutes means a more disorder arrangement leading to higher entropy

52
Q

exergonic reaction

A

release of energy; has more reactant and less product allowing for some of reactant to be released as energy

53
Q

endergonic reaction

A

input of energy; has less reactant and more product requiring for an input of energy to make all of the product

54
Q

metabolism

A

organism’s total chemical reactions

55
Q

metabolic pathway

A

multiple chemical reactions to breakdown / build a specific molecule

56
Q

energy coupling

A

energy gained from exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions

57
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; main energy of all cells

58
Q

how is energy released in ATP ?

A

by hydrolyzing a phosphate bond
adenosine + triphosphate (ATP) —hydrolysis—> adenosine + diphosphate + ATP

59
Q

why is the phosphate release from ATP a good source of energy ?

A

the phosphate is negatively charged and the mutual repulsion of all three lead to high levels of potential energy

60
Q

is the hydrolysis of ATP an exo / endergonic reaction ?

A

exergonic since the hydrolysis causes the ATP to RELEASE energy

61
Q

phosphorylation

A

transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule

62
Q

nearly all work is done by ?

A

ATP phosphorylizing molecules

63
Q

the 3 types of work done ?

A
  • chemical; building / breaking molecules
  • mechanical; muscle contraction, etc.
  • transport; molecule transport, etc.
64
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

65
Q

one way of speeding up reactions ?

A

adding heat

66
Q

enzymes

A

a catalyst; usually a protein thats changes the rate of chemical reactions w/o being consumed

67
Q

how do enzymes work ?

A

by lowering the minimum activation energy needed

68
Q

substrate

A

specific substance that a specific enzyme recognizes

69
Q

active site

A

part of enzyme that substrate attaches to

70
Q

induced fit

A

active site changes its shape to acommodate for substrate

71
Q

regular temp for human enzymes ?

A

35° - 40°C (body temp: 37°C)

72
Q

regular temp for prokaryote enzymes ?

A

70°C

73
Q

optimal pH for enzymes ?

A

6-8; exceptions for extreme conditions (stomach, etc.)

74
Q

cofactor

A

nonprotein ion / molecule required for proper enzyme function

75
Q

coenzyme

A

organic molecule acting as a cofactor (majority of vitamins, etc.)

76
Q

how do enzymes speed up reactions ?

A

induced fit; enzyme orients substrate to be in most optimal position to break apart, lowering the amount of energy needed to break them apart

77
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

binds to enzymes active site; blocks substrate from binding

78
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds anywhere on the enzyme; changes the active site so the substrate cannot bond

79
Q

feedback inhibitor

A

end product of the metabolic pathway acts as an enzyme inhibitor at the very beginning of the pathway

80
Q

what does an increase in substrate / enzyme concentration lead to ?

A

increased rates of enzymatic reactions until eventually it levels off until there is no more substrate to act on

81
Q

how does DNA directly influence what is being worked on by enzymes ?

A

DNA –makes–> RNA –directs formation–> proteins –make up–> enzymes –helps reactions–> all other molecules

82
Q

what is the structure of an enzyme ?

A

enzymes = proteins; follow primary, secondary, tertiary forming; hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside

BIO110 (12 decks)

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