chapter 6

Question 1

3 advantages of using bacteria for genetics studies

Answer 1

• repro fast + many progeny
• haploid genome (all mutations expressed immediately)
• spontantous mutations

Question 2

haploid genome meaning

Answer 2

one copy of gene per cell, all mutations expressed immediately

Question 3

prokaryotes have ____ chromosome transfer

Answer 3

partial

Question 4

how is the haploid state restored

Answer 4

recombination

Question 5

exchange of genetic material reveals _____

Answer 5

linkage

Question 6

prototrophs

Answer 6

wild type bacteria that can grow on minimal media

Question 7

auxotrophs

Answer 7

mutants that can’t grow unless media is supplemented with specific compounds

Question 8

metabolic mutants

Answer 8

cannot utilize specific compounds (ex: lactose, galactose)

Question 9

resistance mutants

Answer 9

can grow in presence of inhibitors (ex: antibiotics)

Question 10

bacterial genome characteristics

Answer 10

haploid chromosomal DNA, repro by cell division (identical daughters)

Question 11

plasmids

Answer 11

extra DNA elements, small circular DNA molecules

Question 12

F factor

Answer 12

fertility factor, carries gene mating promoters between bacteria

Question 13

R factor

Answer 13

resistance factor, carries genes with antibiotic resistance

Question 14

col-plasmids

Answer 14

code for colicens (toxins for other bacteria)

Question 15

virulence plasmids

Answer 15

enable bacteria to become pathogens (anthrax)

Question 16

genes that ensure inheritance are…

Answer 16

F factor genes, genes w benefits (r factors, col plasmids, etc)

Question 17

genes regulate _____ transfer to other cells

Answer 17

plasmid

Question 18

sequences regulate ….

Answer 18

insertion into bacterial chromosome

Question 19

3 methods that bacteria exchange genetic info

Answer 19

transformation, conjugation, transduction

Question 20

conjugation

Answer 20

cells touch, one directional contact that mediates transfer of chromosomal or plasmid DNA

Question 21

transformation

Answer 21

bacterial cells pick up DNA from external environment

Question 22

transduction

Answer 22

bacteriophage transfer DNA into bacterial cell

Question 23

F-factor in conjugation

Answer 23

F+ donor has circular F plasmid that contains origin of replication, genes for pili formation, and genes for DNA transfer

Question 24

plasmid replicates itself and…

Answer 24

inserts single strand copy into recipient

Question 25

when F+ donor transfers to F- recipient...

Answer 25

recipient is converted to F+ strain

Question 26

HFR cell

Answer 26

high frequency recombination, has the F+ plasmid in the bacterial chromosome

Question 27

exegenote

Answer 27

formed when integrated F drives linked chromosomal DNA into recipient

Question 28

endogenote

Answer 28

transferred DNA recombines with recipient chromosome (endogenote) and restores haploid state

Question 29

transfer begins at _________ and is directional

Answer 29

F insertion site

Question 30

longer conjugation transfers ___ to donor chromosome

Answer 30

more

Question 31

F factor enters _____ so F- rarely becomes ___

Answer 31

LAST, HFR

Question 32

the direction of transfer is the basis of...

Answer 32

recombination mapping

Question 33

The gene closest to the F integration site is transffered ____ and has _____ liklihood of recombination

Answer 33

first, higher

Question 34

distant genes have ______ likilihood of recombo

Answer 34

lower

Question 35

time transfer is ____ to distance

Answer 35

proportional

Question 36

plasmid transfer vs chromosome transfer

Answer 36

plasmid: the plasmid replicates and hops into the next one chromosome: strand is replicated and integrates into other one's chromosome "tainted my bloodline"

Question 37

recombo results from...

Answer 37

double chromosome cross over

Question 38

double reombinants

Answer 38

can occur, use the product rule to calculate

Question 39

F' plasmid

Answer 39

when F sequences are removes from HFR impercisely so the chromosome loses genetic info

Question 40

transformation source

Answer 40

from same/diff species, lysed dead bacteria, or secretions from other bacteria

Question 41

competent

Answer 41

bacteria capable of transformation

Question 42

incoming DNA must ____ host

Answer 42

match

Question 43

bacteriophage

Answer 43

inject their DNA into bacterial cell and hijack cell machinary to replicate it's own DNA

Question 44

Two types of transduction

Answer 44

generalized and specialized

Question 45

generalized transduction

Answer 45

any gene may be transferred, phage picks up pieces of bacterial chromosome by mistake and put them in another cell

Question 46

specialized transduction

Answer 46

only a few genes are transferred

Question 47

co transduced genes are...

Answer 47

closely linked

Question 48

the greater the frequency of co-transduction, the ________ the two genes are to each other

Answer 48

closer

Question 49

high frequency cotransfer indicates...

Answer 49

tighter linkage

Question 50

if no recombo, expect

Answer 50

only parental genotypes in progeny

Question 51

if recombo, expect

Answer 51

recombinants (like h+ r+ and h r)

Question 52

phage can recombine in mixed infections

Answer 52

an produced recombo parental + recombo / total

Question 53

generalized transduction using phage can transfer ____ region of bacterial chromosome into recipient

Answer 53

any

Question 54

specialized transduction transfers ____ regions into recipient cells

Answer 54

specific