chapter 3

Question 1

autosomes

Answer 1

chromosomes other than sex chromosomes, 1-22

Question 2

sex chromosomes

Answer 2

chomosomes of sex deterimination

Question 3

dimorphic chromosomes

Answer 3

shape, gene content, and expression is different from autosomes

Question 4

sex chroosomes act as ______ during meiosis

Answer 4

homologous chromosomes

Question 5

recessive sex-linked mutations affect ______

Answer 5

heterogametic sex

Question 6

different sexes have different __________ on sex linked loci

Answer 6

numbers of alleles

Question 7

tops and bottoms of both X and Y chromosomes

Answer 7

pseudoautosomal region

Question 8

pseudoautosomal regions

Answer 8

promote chromosome pairing and help control the final gametes

Question 9

SRY gene

Answer 9

transcription factor that turns on development pathway for men

Question 10

hemizygous

Answer 10

inheriting 1 chromosome for sex determination

Question 11

heterogametic

Answer 11

males have 1 X and 1 Y, phenotype of single allele is immediatley observed

Question 12

autosomal dominance

Answer 12

• can’t pass without it
• equal in males and females, passed on by both
• doesn’t skip generations

Question 13

autosomal recessive

Answer 13

• usually rare
• equal in males and females, tends to skip gens
• affected usually born to unaffected parents
• can be caused by inbreeding

Question 14

X linked recessive

Answer 14

• More males affected, daughters of affected males are carriers
• 1/2 sons of affected females are affected

Question 15

X linked dominance

Answer 15

• both males and females affected, doesn’t skip gens
• Affected father passes to all daughters
• affected son must have affected mother

Question 16

product rule of probability

Answer 16

multiply the prob of independent events happening at the same time

Question 17

sum rule of probability

Answer 17

add probability of 1 out of 2+ mutually exclusive events (either/or)

Question 18

mendel’s second rule

Answer 18

gene pairs on different chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation

Question 19

linked genes

Answer 19

alleles on the same chromosome

Question 20

unlinked genes (;)

Answer 20

alleles on different chromosomes

Question 21

monohybrids

Answer 21

heterozygous for different alleles for 1 gene (A/a)

Question 22

dihybrids

Answer 22

heterozygous for different alleles on two genes (AB/ab)

Question 23

unlinked dihybrids

Answer 23

A/a; B/b, segregate independently

Question 24

linked dihybrids

Answer 24

AB/ab or Ab/aB, segregate independently or ignore recombo

Question 25

unknown linkage

Answer 25

A/a * B/b

Question 26

independent assortment frequency calculation

Answer 26

determined with product rule of F2 phenotypes

Question 27

genetic analysis

Answer 27

outcomes of genetic crosses can have random fluctuations by chance as offspring inc

Question 28

larger sample size _____ chances of deviation

Answer 28

decreases

Question 29

purpose of chi squared analysis

Answer 29

check probability that data will diverge this far from theoretical ratio if null hypothesis is correct

Question 30

what p val is accepted to reject the null hypothesis

Answer 30

p < 0.05

Question 31

what is needed for chi squared analysis

Answer 31

sample size, degrees of freedom, random fluctuation

Question 32

chi squared equation

Answer 32

x^2 = sum ( ( observed - expected) ^ 2 / expected ), returns p value

Question 33

2 steps of chi squared

Answer 33

1) form hypotheses (null and expected) 2) determine how close actual is to expected (goodness of fit)

Question 34

degrees of freedom

Answer 34

calculate with n - 1 (n is num of categories)