chapter 6

Question 1

Radiative forcing
(aka w/m squared)

mentioend again in. lecture
THE chance

Answer 1

amount of energy changes based on soem force/change onto earth
-mainly looka t co2
-pros: can look at inc greenhouse gas

net is POSITIVE
- mostly due to human activity

pos= greenhouse gas

climate sensitivity: alloes to access how much warming is coming from radative forcing, add one unit of rf= earth wars .25kelvin

Question 2

areosols

small particles that dont fall from gravity, suspended in air for months and interacts with solar radiation
- can make clouds appear brighter

sulfate areasols SO2: volcanoes/erruptions, net cooling/reduces co2, small
inc albedo
EXAMPLE ON TEST:
1816 mt tembora, didnt have summer/poverty year, frosty all year due to negative RF from volcanoes

black carbon/soot:
has a WARMING effect bc it is dark and dark absorbs radiation= dec albedo=warm planet

aresol direct effect: absorb/scatter radation combination of all aresols in the sku cooling the planet, directly interact with solar radartion
INdirect aresol= relate to clours, LARGER than direct effect -0/9 w/m squared, INC ALbedo

aresol opptimal depth

Answer 2

ship tracks: aresols from desil engines/boats go into lower clowes and inc amt of droplets vausing a cloud to form??? idk if this is completly accurate

smaller droplets make clouds more long lived

Question 3

climate feedbacks
(go back into book and read about this)

secondary priocesses triggered by feedbacks

Answer 3

thigns that change inital warming
positive= ampl
negative= dec the inital warming
ice albedois
get more energy in–. initial warming-> ice melts-> albedo decreases-> energy inc->more warmig= cuyycle repeats

-lapserate feedback:
-largest known feedpback
-upper atmosphere warms faster than kower
- hkw fast decease temp i surface

snowball earth:
-inc ice sheets. inc albedo qnd opposite is true
water vapor feedback:
- wamer atmosphere holds more water vapor
- mst abundant/potent greenhouse gas

cloud feedback:
-both positive and negative
-p low clouds have net cooling egect nad reflect back sunlight
-high clouds inc greenhouse efect bc absorb radation

Question 4

slow climate feedbacks

thigns slowly inc surface temp
-vegatiation: ch
-weathering thermostat::
-if hot temp then co2 draw out faster and weather more quickly, vool temp= co2 go down slower which inc greenhouse effect

methane feedback:
- i

Answer 4

things can beboth forcing and. feedback
ex: co2 isa forcing fro. emmisions but can be a feedback if released from permafrost