Chapter 6 Flashcards
Legacies of Historical Globalization (34 cards)
Definition of Legacy
The lasting impacts of a person, action, or event
Examples of Legacies
- Political structures (the Greeks left Europe democracy, which Europe left on India and Canada; why we have Senate and HoC)
- Buildings and monuments (churches)
- Oral histories, stories, and physical artifacts
- Cultural traditions and celebrations
Definition of Ethnocentrism
Combines “ethnic” and “center”; refers to a person’s way of thinking that their culture/race is superior to others (centers it)
* May judge other people according to their own values, beliefs, and traditions
Definition of Xenophobia
Fear or hatred of people who are a different race/culture than you
* xeno = stranger
* phobia = fear
Peters Projection Map
It’s a map that is closer to how the world actually looks; the current map is slightly inaccurate because of European map makers’ ethnocentrism, marking the West as much larger countries compared to continents like South America and Africa.
What are the types of imperialism?
- Colonialism/direct rule - imperial power has full control over colonies
- Indirect rule - local rulers are in power, but the imperial powers control them, in a way; controls people through local rulers
- Protectorate - local state keeps gov’t, but is usually under the protection of imperial power; through treaties
- Spheres of influence - country is autonomous but has special privileges with imperial power (economic, political, military)
OR - Colonialism - people coming from European countries are living in colonies
- Direct rule - imperial power is ruling the colonies, but not sending anyone to live in colonies
- Indirect rule - local powers stay in rule, but imperial powers in controlling them, in a way
- Spheres of influence - imperial powers influencing them through their presense; can be through trade ot just contact
Definition of Autonomous
Ability to make decisions and take control; land under colonialism or direct rule had little to no autonomy, land under indirect rules had a bit more autonomy, and land under spheres of influence had the most autonomy.
Case Study: India
British East India Trading Company
- Queen Elizabeth I granted East India Co. to have a trading monopoly in Asia and India
- Considered one of the first transnational companies
- Imported silk, cotton clothes, tea, and spices
- Exported wool, metal goods (guns), and precious metals
Case Study: India
Who was India ruled by first?
At first, they were ruled by the Mughal Empire, which allowed very limited trading with the BEITC
Case Study: India
When did the Mughal Empire start to fragment? What happened to India?
The Mughal Empire began to fragment in the 1700s, which separated them into princely states ruled by the Indian princes.
The British used this chaos to form allianced with the Indian princes, which was the start of indirect rule
Case Study: India
What did the BEITC do while it ruled India under indirect rule?
- Established ports
- Built army and navy with Indian men (sepoys) - made to protect company and to influence princes to align with them
- Collected taxes and enforced laws
All with the permisison of the British monarchy
Case Study: India
How did the BEITC affect India’s economy?
As they expanded their control of land through fighting (Mughal dynasty has completely collapsed):
1. Enforced trade monopoly by force - India could only trade with them
2. Unfair taxing policies
* Buy cheap cotton in India, manufacture in Britain, sell in India for higher price (MERCANTILISM)
* Imposed tariffs and restrictions on India making their own textiles (clothing)
* Indians could only sell to British - enforced by military
* Forcing Indians to grow non food crops (indigo and opium) →caused food shortages
What is the definition of the Raj, and what happened during this period of time?
Raj = to rule (Hindi)
The British governemnt takes over from the BEITC, which means India is under the direct rule of the British; that is how the Raj begins. The Raj lasted until the partition and Indian Independence Act in 1947.
Case Study: India
What was the Raj characterized by?
The Raj was characterized by the deindustrialization of India:
* Tariffs were placed on Indian textiles, favouring British textiles
* Salt taxes - there were taxes on Indian salt so that the usually-expensive British salt would be cheaper, forcing Indians to buy it
These practices surpressed the Indian economy, making India face economic depression later on. Meanwhile, Britain was economically flourishing.
Povery forced Indians to turn to indentured labour
Case Study: India
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi
- Led India to independence through peaceful non-cooperation
- Based on principle of swadeshi = self sufficiency (Hindi)
- Worked for the rights of indentured workers
- Gandhi led the Salt March to make salt and protest against salt taxes
- Promoted non-cooperation and boycotted British goods, leading to the independence on India in 1947
Case Study: India
Partition - Hindus, Muslims, Punjab/Sikh, and Kashmir
- There are eight big religions in India, but the two largest ones were Islam and Hinduism. So, the English split India into India, West Pakistan, and East Pakistan (which later turned to Bangladesh). India was for Hindus, and Pakistan was for Muslims. Many Indians were displaced (forcefully moved).
- The state of Punjab, where Sikhs lived, fought for their land, since they were in the area where Pakistan and India had split.
- Kashmir remained neutral; didn’t join Pakistan or India. The two continue to fight over the land of Kashmir, taking over and causing wars in order to claim the land for themselves
Case Study: China
Why did Britain start trading with China?
The British lost America due to the American Revolution, which means they also lost commodities needed to make products and a market. So, they looked at China
Case Study: China
Who was China ruled by during this time?
Qing dynasty
Since it was a centralized gov’t, British couldn’t rule
Case Study: China
What were the British and Chinese trading at first?
British and China started trading: China exported silk, porcelain, and tea. British exported silver
Case Study: China
What are the Opium Wars? What led to them?
Since the trading was favourable to China, the British decided to also trade opium, which came from the British-owned India. China started using opium recreationally, smoking it so much that it led to an addiction crisis, along with a social and economic disruption. China then banned opium from coming in, but that didn’t stop the opium trade. A lot of fighting and China getting the Portuguese to kick out the British, the Chinese and British fought the first Opium War.
* First opium war was the result of an opium addiction in China that China tried to stop
Case Study: China
What was the result of the First Opium War?
The Treaty of Nanking and The Treaty of Bogue
Case Study: China
What did the Treaty of Nanking and the Treaty of Bogue state?
Treaty of Nanking:
* Cede Hong Kong to British
* Pay $21 million to Britain
* Open 5 treaty ports
Treaty of Bogue:
* British became the most favoured nation
* Imposed British law in China
Case Study: China
What type of imperialism did China have to deal with?
Spheres of Influence
Case Study: Africa
Why was colonizing Africa so difficult?
- The Sahara Desert
- Disease for humans and horses
- Lack ot technology to get up the river
- Resistance from Indigenous people with equivalent weaponry
Began to change as European weapons became more advanced
