Chapter 6

Question 0

1. support
2. storage of minerals and lipids
3. blood cell production
4. protection
5. leverage

Answer 0

Five primarily functions

Question 1

Includes bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissue.

Answer 1

The skeletal system

Question 2

Sutural bones
Irregular bones
Short bones 
Flat bones 
Long bones 
Sesamoid bones

Answer 2

Six bone shapes

Question 3

Small, irregular bones

Answer 3

Sutural

Question 4

Have complex shapes

Answer 4

Irregular bones

Question 5

Small and thick

Answer 5

Short bones

Question 6

Thin with parallel surfaces

Answer 6

Flat bones

Question 7

Long and thin

Answer 7

Long bones

Question 8

Small and flat

Answer 8

Sesamoid bones

Question 9

Along bone surface

Answer 9

Depressions or grooves

Question 10

Where tendons and ligaments attach.

At articulations with other bones.

Answer 10

Elevations or projections

Question 11

Where blood and nerves enter bone

Answer 11

Tunnels

Question 12

The shaft
A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bones
A central space called medullary cavity

Answer 12

Diaphysis

Question 13

Wide part at each end
Articulation with other bones
Mostly spongy bone
Covered with compact bone

Answer 13

Epiphysis

Question 14

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Answer 14

Metaphysis

Question 15

Form pathways for blood vessels

Exchange nutrients and wastes

Answer 15

Canaliculi

Question 16

Covers outer surfaces of bones

Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

Answer 16

Periosteum

Question 17

Two-thirds of bone matrix is calcium phosphate
Reacts with calcium hydroxide
To form crystals of hydroxyapatite
Which incorporates other calcium salts and ions

Answer 17

Minerals

Question 18

Make up 2 percent of bone mass

Answer 18

Bone cells (osteocytes)

Question 19

1. osteocytes
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteoprogenitor cells
4. Osteoclasts

Answer 19

Types of bone cells

Question 20

Do not divide.

Help repair damaged bones

Answer 20

Osteocytes

Question 21

Immature bone cells that turn into osteocytes

Answer 21

Osteoblasts

Question 22

Stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts

Assist in fracture repair

Answer 22

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 23

Secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes

Recycler of the bone

Answer 23

Osteoblasts

Question 24

Perforating canals Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

Answer 24

Compact bone

Question 25

Does not have osteons | Trabeculae have no blood vessels

Answer 25

Spongy bone

Question 26

In some bones, spongy bone holds yellow bone marrow | Is yellow because it stores fat

Answer 26

Yellow bone marrow

Question 27

Human bones grow until about age 25

Answer 27

Bone development

Question 28

Bone formation

Answer 28

Osteogenesis

Question 29

The process of replacing other tissues with bone

Answer 29

Ossification

Question 30

The process of depositing calcium salts | Occurs during bone ossification and in other tissues

Answer 30

Calcification

Question 31

Ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage

Answer 31

Endochrondral ossification

Question 32

Occurs in the dermis

Answer 32

Intramembranous ossification

Question 33

1. Nutrient artery and vein 2. Metaphyseal vessels 3. Periosteal vessels

Answer 33

Blood supply of mature bones

Question 34

Networks of lymphatic vessels | Sensory nerves

Answer 34

The periosteum also contains

Question 35

Maintains itself. Replaces mineral reserves. Recycles and renews bone matrix. Involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

Answer 35

The adult skeleton

Question 36

Bone degenerates quickly | Up to one third of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity.

Answer 36

Bone degeneration

Question 37

Made in the kidneys. Helps absorb calcium and phosphorus from digestive tract. Synthesis requires vitamin D3 Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis is and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity Vitamin K and B12 help synthesize bone proteins

Answer 37

The hormone calcitiol

Question 38

Stimulate bone growth

Answer 38

Growth hormone and thyroxine

Question 39

Stimulate osteoblasts

Answer 39

Estrogens and androgens

Question 40

Regulate calcium and phosphate levels

Answer 40

Calcitonin and parathyroid

Question 41

Increases calcium ion levels by: Stimulating osteoclasts Increasing intestinal absorption of calcium Decreasing calcium excretion at kidneys

Answer 41

Parathyroid hormone

Question 42

Opposite of PTH

Answer 42

Calcitonin

Question 43

Cracks or breaks in bones

Answer 43

Fractures

Question 44

Bleeding Cells of the endosteum and periosteum Osteoblasts Osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year

Answer 44

Repairing fractures

Question 45

Bones become weaker and thinner with age Osteopenia begins between ages 30 and 40 Women lose 8 percent of bone mass per decade men lose 3 percent

Answer 45

Age related changes

Question 46

Resulting in fragile limbs Reduction in height Tooth loss

Answer 46

The epiphysis, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected

Question 47

Severe bone loss Affects normal function over age 45 occurs in 29 percent of women 18 percent of men

Answer 47

Osteoporosis

Question 48

Estrogens and androgens help maintain bone mass | Bone loss in women accelerates after menopause

Answer 48

Hormones and bone loss

Question 49

Cancerous tissues release osteoblast activating factor That stimulates osteoclasts And produces severe osteoporosis

Answer 49

Cancer and bone loss