Chapter 6

Question 1

Natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and questioning of accepted beliefs

Answer 1

Scientific Revolution

Question 2

Thought sun was in center of universe

Answer 2

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 3

Sun-centered

Answer 3

Heliocentric

Question 4

17 YO who discovered four moons on the planet Jupiter

Answer 4

Galileo Galilei

Question 5

Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

Answer 5

Scientific Method

Question 6

Believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve people’s lives

Answer 6

Francis Bacon

Question 7

Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry

Answer 7

René Descartes

Question 8

Helped bring Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo breakthroughs into 1 law of motion

Answer 8

Issac Newton

Question 9

Concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion

Answer 9

Johannes Kepler

Question 10

According to Ptolemy, what was earth’s position in the universe? How did Copernicus’s view differ? Which did Kepler’s observations support?

Answer 10

Earth was centered, Copernicus said that sun was centered, keplers observations supported Copernicus

Question 11

What are four steps in the scientific method?

Answer 11

Make an observation, form hypothesis, experiment, analyze/interpret data

Question 12

List four instruments that came into use during the Scientific Revolution. Identify the purpose of each one.

Answer 12

Microscope- observe bacteria
Mercury Barometer- measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather
Mercury Thermometer- showed water freezing at 32 degrees
Thermometer- showed water freezing at 0 degrees

Question 13

Thinkers attempted to apply principles of reason and scientific method to all aspects of society

Answer 13

Enlightenment

Question 14

People define and limit their individual rights

Answer 14

Social Contract

Question 15

Believed people could learn from experience

Answer 15

John Locke

Question 16

Life, liberty, and property

Answer 16

Natural Rights

Question 17

Social critics in France

Answer 17

Philosophies

Question 18

The most brilliant and influential philosophies

Answer 18

Voltaire

Question 19

Concluded that Rome’s collapse was directly related to its loss of political liberties

Answer 19

Montesquieu

Question 20

Division of power among branches

Answer 20

Separation of Powers

Question 21

Committed to individual freedom

Answer 21

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 22

Disagreed with Rousseau/ thought that women education shouldn’t be 2nd to men’s

Answer 22

Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 23

How did the ideas of Hobbes and Locke differ?

Answer 23

Locke said that people could learn from experience and Hobbes said that people were sinful by nature

Question 24

What did Montesquieu believe led to the fall of Rome? What did he admire about the government of Britain?

Answer 24

Loss of political liberties: admired the separation of Powers between 3 branches

Question 25

How did the enlightenment lead to a more secular outlook?

Answer 25

People began to openly question religious beliefs and teaching of church and scientists then found these questions could be answered mathematically

Question 26

Hostesses that had regular social gatherings

Answer 26

Salons

Question 27

Grand, ornate style

Answer 27

Barcque

Question 28

New classical

Answer 28

Neoclassical

Question 29

Monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment spirit

Answer 29

Enlightened Despots

Question 30

Ruler most admired by philosophes

Answer 30

Catherine the Great

Question 31

Name three developments in the arts during the enlightenment.

Answer 31

1) Neoclassical art emerged- a simple, elegant style based on ideas and themes of ancient Rome/Greece. 2) Classical music emerged- new, lighter, more elegant style of music 3) Novels emerged- lengthy works of prose fiction.

Question 32

What’s sorts of reforms did the enlightened depots make? In what respects did their reforms fail?

Answer 32

1) Frederick II- He granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education but did nothing to end serfdom because he wanted the support of the Nobles. 2) Joseph II- introduced legal reforms and freedom of press, abolished serfdom. 3) Catherine the Great- tried to give religious tolerance/abolish torture but it wasn't approved. Brought back serfdom

Question 33

Based on john Locke and enlightenment

Answer 33

Declaration of Independence

Question 34

Wrote Declaration of Independence

Answer 34

Thomas Jefferson

Question 35

Each branch checking the other two

Answer 35

Checks and Balances

Question 36

Power divided was divided between national and state governments

Answer 36

Federal System

Question 37

10 amendments added to the constitution

Answer 37

Bill of Rights

Question 38

Why did the Articles of Confederation result in a weak national government?

Answer 38

Power rested in the states and congress couldn’t pass any laws without approval of 9/13 states

Question 39

How did the writers of the US Constitution out into practice the separation of Powers? A system of checks and balances?

Answer 39

Established 3 branches in which power was equally divided and these three branches could veto each other’s decisions