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Biology 210 > Chapter 6; Bio 210 (Bones) > Flashcards

Chapter 6; Bio 210 (Bones) Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull- cranial and facial
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage- sternum, rib cage
Hyoid Bone-

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2
Q

Appendicular

A

upper and lower appendeges and skeletal girdles attaching them to the skeletal system

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3
Q

Upper Girdle or Shoulder Girdle (Pectoral)

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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4
Q

Lower Girdle or Pelvic Girdle (Coaxal)

A

Ilium and Ischium and Pubic bones

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5
Q

Three tissue types that form the skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilage and ligaments

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6
Q

Three major types of skeletal cartilages

A

-hyaline, fibro, elastic

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7
Q

Flat Bone

A

sternum, cranial bones and scapula and ribs

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8
Q

Long Bone

A

longer than they are cylindrically wide and has epifecies

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9
Q

Irregular

A

any vertebrae bones, the entire coaxal bone

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10
Q

Sutural or Wormian

A

in the cranial bone that combine two bones

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11
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

ex: patella

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12
Q

Proximal and Distal Epihesis

A

ends of the bones

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13
Q

Proximal and Distal Metaphysis

A

ends before the ends of the bone

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14
Q

Diaphysis

A

area between proximal and distal epiphesis

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

outside lining of bone

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

inside of the bone (marrow cavity) yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

Spongy Bone

A

soft inside of the bone

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18
Q

Compact Bone

A

outside of the marrow

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19
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

found in spongy bone (hematopoesis)

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20
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

stores energy

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21
Q

Epiphesial Plate

A

a juvenile bone that is still growing from hyaline cartilage until the cartilage ossifies at a later age

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22
Q

Epiphesial Line

A

once the bone is mature and the cartilage ossifies

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23
Q

Osteon

A

Rings around the central canal of osseous tissue (strength in the circular shape for compression)

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24
Q

Central Canal

A

Holes that contain vessels and nerves

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25
Lamellae
distance between one concentric rings to another
26
Osteocyte
bone cell
27
Lacunae
composed of osetocytes
28
Canaliculus
tunnel through the extracellular matrix that connects lamellae and osteocytes
29
Sutures to know
Frontal, Saggital, Lambdoid, Squamous
30
Olfactory Foramen
holes in the Ethmoid bone which enhances smell to the brain
31
Ethmoid Bone
composed of the 'Crista Galli' (holds connective tissues to hold brain in place) and the 'Cribriform Plate' *Cribriform- any plate with holes in it (noodles)
32
Sella Turcica
holds the pituitary gland in the cranial cavity
33
Sphenoid Bone
- lesser and greater wing | - optic canal (optic nerve goes through the sphenoid bone to the optic canal)
34
2 categories of ribs
true ribs and false ribs- floating ribs
35
True Ribs
superior 7 pair of ribs
36
False Ribs
Inferior 5 pair (Indirected hyaline cartilage)
37
Floating RIbs
11 and 12 ribs
38
Vertebral Column
``` Cervical 1- 7 (C7 spinous process) Thoracic 1-12 Lumbar 1-5 Sacral 5 fused Coccyx 4 fused ```
39
Lumbar vertebrae
largest body of all
40
2/3 of bone made of and 1/3 made of
Calcium Phosphate (2/3) Collagen (1/3)
41
Osteocyte
mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix
42
Osteoblast
produces new bone matrix
43
Osteoclasts
breaks done osteo cells -releases hydrogen H ion and since there is always an abundant amount of Cl in interstitial fluid they bind together to form an acid which break downs bone. -releases enzymes that go out and breaks down the protens (enzymes break down proteins and acid breaks down ground substances)
44
Osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells that become osteocytes
45
Preiosteum
2 layers of - tough outer fibrous layer - inner cellular layer
46
3 functions of Periosteum
isolates bone from surrounding tissues provides route for circulatory system bone growth and repair
47
Endosteum
lines the inside surfaces of bone
48
Endosteum contains
osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells (active in bone growth and repair)
49
Fibrous Connective Tissue Membrane
once formed are called 'membrane bones' (intramembrous)
50
Hyaline Cartilage
endochondral bone (most all bones)
51
Intramembranous ossification
flat bones of cranium, mandible, and clavicles (parietal, occipital)
52
Endochondral ossification
most all bones (begin as hyaline cartilage) | -begin after 8 weeks of development
53
Postnatal Growth of Long Bones
Interstitial and Appositional
54
Interstitial Growth
growth of a long bone in length | -occurs in epiphesial plates (ends and is called an epiphesial line)
55
Appositional Growth
growth in diameter of long bone - osteoblasts make bone larger - osteoclasts breaks down the bone
56
Collagen
protein fibers in bone
57
Bone Remodeling
osteoblast activity - bones are getting stronger | osteoclast activity - bones are getting weaker
58
Hypocalcemia
blood calcium falls
59
Hypercalcemia
blood calcium rises
60
Parathyroid glands
releases PTH which increases calcium ion levels in body fluids -located posterior to thyroid gland
61
PTH
Parathyroid Hormone
62
Steps of PTH (Calcium Homeostasis)
1-stimulates osteoclasts 2-increases intestinal absorption of calcium ions 3-decreases the rate of calcium excretion at the kidneys
63
Calcitonin
secreted from the Thyroid Gland which DECREASES calcium ion levels in body fluids
64
Steps of Calcitonin
1- inhibits osteoclasts activity | 2-increases calcium ion excretion at kidneys
65
Calcium
muscle contraction nerve impulses bone matrix blood clotting
66
Phosphorus
ATP phospholipids bone matrix
67
4 steps of Repairing Fractuces
- bleeding produces clot (fracture hematoma) bone cells in area die, inflammation occurs - external and internal calluses form to stabilize break, clot dissolves and macrophages clean up area - both calluses are ossified over 4-6 weeks, first bone formed is spongy bone - osteoblasts and osteocytes continue to remodel the fractuce up to a year replacing spongy with compact bone
68
Pott's fractuce
distal ankle
69
Colle's fracture
distal radius
70
Greenstick Fracture
breaks but one end stays in place
71
Osteoporosis
condition of severe bone loss extensive to impair normal function

Biology 210 (13 decks)

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