Chapter 6 - Carbohydrates

Question 1

_______ and _______ are simple carbohydrates

Answer 1

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 2

complex carbohydrates

Answer 2

long chains of glucose molecule linked together

Question 3

is glycogen a simple or a complex carbohydrate?

Answer 3

complex carbohydrate

Question 4

liver glycogen

Answer 4

• maintains blood glucose

- supplies energy

Question 5

muscle glycogen

Answer 5

• not used for blood glucose

- used in muscle contraction: high intensity, endurance activity

Question 6

is starch a simple or complex carbohydrate

Answer 6

complex

Question 7

what are the 2 types of starch?

Answer 7

linear (amylose) and branched (maylopectin

Question 8

3 sources of starch

Answer 8

grains, starchy vegetable and legumes

Question 9

where does digestion start and stop

Answer 9

starts in mouth, stops in stomach

Question 10

lactose intolerance

Answer 10

• deficiency of lactase
• undigested lactose moves to the large intestine
• draws water into large intestine

Question 11

how common is lactose intolerance among US Asian American adults?

Answer 11

90%

Question 12

how common is lactose intolerance among US Native American Adults?

Answer 12

80%

Question 13

how common is lactose intolerance among US Mediterranean adults?

Answer 13

70%

Question 14

how common is lactose intolerance among US Inuit adults?

Answer 14

60%

Question 15

how common is lactose intolerance among US Hispanic adults?

Answer 15

50%

Question 16

how common is lactose intolerance among US Northern European adults?

Answer 16

<15%

Question 17

true or false: glucose can turn into fat BUT fat cannot turn into glucose

Answer 17

true

Question 18

when dietary carbohydrate intake is low, where does the body turn to?

Answer 18

• glycogen (limited stores)
• fat stores (adipose tissue)
• body protein (muscle)

Question 19

_____ is the body first alternative fuel source when carbohydrate intake is insufficient

Answer 19

fat

Question 20

true or false: protein can never be used for energy

Answer 20

FALSE: protein can be used for energy if needed

Question 21

proteins can be made into what 2 things?

Answer 21

1) ketone bodies (ketogenic)

2) glucose (glucogenic)

Question 22

where is extra energy (fat) stored?

Answer 22

adipose tissue

Question 23

3 complex carbohydrates that we can’t break down

Answer 23

1) oligosaccharides
2) dietary fibre
3) resistant starch

Question 24

2 types of dietary fibre

Answer 24

soluble and insoluble

Question 25

soluble fibre

Answer 25

dissolves in water and forms a gel

Question 26

sources of soluble fibre

Answer 26

oats, oat bran, legumes, barley, psyllium, pectin-rich fruits

Question 27

types of soluble fibre

Answer 27

1) B-glucan 2) insulin 3) mucilage

Question 28

soluble fibre benefit for blood cholesterol levels

Answer 28

- cholesterol absorption | - bile acids

Question 29

effect of soluble fibre =

Answer 29

blood glucose response

Question 30

______ fibres act as food for bacteria in the large intestine

Answer 30

soluble fibres

Question 31

do soluble fibres produce short-chain fatty acids or long chain?

Answer 31

short-chain

Question 32

what is the fuel for the cells of the large intestine

Answer 32

short chain fatty acids (produced by soluble fibre)

Question 33

_________ inhibit glucose production by the liver

Answer 33

soluble fibres

Question 34

_________ inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 34

soluble fibres

Question 35

soluble fibres promote growth of what 2 beneficial bacteria

Answer 35

1) lactobacilli | 2) bifidobacteria

Question 36

do insoluble fibres dissolve in water?

Answer 36

no, do not form a gel

Question 37

sources of insoluble fibre

Answer 37

whole grains, brown rice, bran and bran cereal breads and cereals, vegetables and fruit

Question 38

types of insoluble fibre

Answer 38

lignin, cellulose

Question 39

4 benefits related to intestinal health

Answer 39

- traps water --> gives bulk to stool in colon - increases stool weight and volume - decreases intestine transit time - decreases risk of colon cancer in later life

Question 40

how does dietary fibre promote weight control?

Answer 40

- satisfies hunger without yielding much energy - dilutes caloric content of the diet - fibre-rich foods tend to be low in fat

Question 41

high fibre fits may prevent _______/_______

Answer 41

diverticulosis/diverticulitis

Question 42

weak spots in the colon =

Answer 42

diverticulosis

Question 43

inflammation, infection =

Answer 43

diverticulitis

Question 44

true or false: high fibre intakes may prevent colon cancer

Answer 44

true

Question 45

epidemiological studies

Answer 45

- decreases incidence of colon cancer with high fibre intake | - decreases contact of colon cells with fecal content

Question 46

what happens when you eat high fibre foods?

Answer 46

- indigestible carbohydrates move into the large intestine | - fermented by bacteria --> gas

Question 47

what does a sudden increase in fibre intake cause?

Answer 47

bloating, gas, diarrhea

Question 48

when does constipation occur?

Answer 48

if water intake is not increased with increased fibre intake

Question 49

does increased or decreased fibre intake decrease mineral absorption?

Answer 49

increased fibre intake

Question 50

we want to aim for a diet that is: | ______ in complex carbohydrates, _____ in unrefined, simple carbohydrates, ______ in refined/added sugars

Answer 50

high, high, low