Chapter 5 - Nutrient Utilization & General Metabolism

Question 1

what is the hierarchy of structures that our bodies are made up of?

Answer 1

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems

Question 2

digestive tract

Answer 2

esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, rectum anus

Question 3

digestion involves ______ system, ________ system, hormones and enzymes

Answer 3

nervous system, musculoskeletal system

Question 4

what do enzymes do

Answer 4

little chemical machines that can large nutrients in foods and break them down into smaller pieces

Question 5

true or false: some enzymes break down proteins, others carbs and others fats

Answer 5

true

Question 6

where does digestion start?

Answer 6

in the mouth

Question 7

cephalic phase

Answer 7

• starts before the food even hits your mouth

- mouth watering or stomach growling

Question 8

cephalic

Answer 8

brain/mind

Question 9

why does our mouth water and our stomach growl before food even hits your mouth?

Answer 9

bodies way of preparing you for food your about to receive

Question 10

what are 3 roles of saliva

Answer 10

1) moisten food
2) salivary amylase
3) lysozyme

Question 11

salivary amylase

Answer 11

• the first digestive enzyme that we encounter

- breaks down carbohydrates in your mouth

Question 12

lysozyme

Answer 12

• powerful antibacterial agent

- try to help bring down bacterial levels to prevent you from getting sick

Question 13

chewing allows for what?

Answer 13

optimal digestion

Question 14

why do large nutrients need to be torn apart/ripped open?

Answer 14

to allow digestive enzymes more access to the nutrients

Question 15

what prevents food from going into the trachea?

Answer 15

epiglottis

Question 16

the intestinal wall is made up of how many layers?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

what are the 4 layers of the intestinal wall?

Answer 17

1) external layer of connective tissue
2) layers of smooth muscle
3) connective tissue
4) mucosa

Question 18

what layer of the intestinal wall contains nerves and blood vessels?

Answer 18

connective tissue

Question 19

which layer of the intestinal wall contains the cells that absorb nutrients

Answer 19

mucosa

Question 20

peristalsis

Answer 20

esophagus has the 2 smooth muscle layers that contract to make wave-like muscle contractions to push food

Question 21

true or false: peristalsis is so strong that it only takes about 5 seconds to get from top of the esophagus to top of the stomach

Answer 21

true

Question 22

true or false: peristalsis isn’t strong to push food in the right direction when your upside down

Answer 22

FALSE: peristalsis is strong enough to push food in the right direction when your upside down

Question 23

what does the stomach do to the food

Answer 23

mixes and churns it

Question 24

what 4 gastric juices are mixed in with the food when it is churned in the stomach?

Answer 24

1) Hydrochloric acid
2) Pepsin
3) Gastric Lipase
4) Mucus

Question 25

What does Hydrochloric acid do when it is mixed with the food in the stomach?

Answer 25

has antibacterial functions and acts to help body digest proteins by unfolding them

Question 26

what does pepsin do when it is mixed with the food in the stomach?

Answer 26

breaks down proteins

Question 27

what does gastric lipase do when it is mixed with the food in the stomach?

Answer 27

breaks down fat

Question 28

what does mucus do when it is mixed with the food in the stomach?

Answer 28

- has a protective role | - acts as a barrier to protect the cells of the stomach from the extremely low ph (acidity) of HCl

Question 29

there are __ strong muscle layers in the stomach

Answer 29

3

Question 30

chyme

Answer 30

mixture of food after it is churned by the stomach

Question 31

how long can the stomach hold onto chyme?

Answer 31

certain periods of time depending on certain factors

Question 32

gastric mobility

Answer 32

how long chyme can stay in the stomach

Question 33

what are 4 factors affecting the rate of stomach emptying?

Answer 33

1) size of meal 2) physical composition of the meal 3) macronutrient composition 4) emotional factors

Question 34

how does the size of the meal affect gastric mobility?

Answer 34

big meals take more time to churn so held in stomach for longer period of time?

Question 35

how does the physical composition of the meal affect gastric mobility?

Answer 35

goal of stomach is to churn food into a liquid, so liquid based foods are digested in stomach faster than solids

Question 36

how does macronutrient composition affect gastric mobility?

Answer 36

- amount or type of macronutrients determine time it stays in your stomach - foods that are high in carbohydrate don't stay in stomach long - foods that are high in fats stay in stomach longer - protein are intermediate amount of time

Question 37

how does emotional factors affect gastric mobility?

Answer 37

- mood your in or how your feeling can have an influence - anger can move food out of stomach fast - sadness can move food out of stomach slower

Question 38

______ is the main site for digestion and absorption with help from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Answer 38

small intestine

Question 39

liver and gallbladder produce what

Answer 39

bile

Question 40

what 4 things does that pancreas produce?

Answer 40

1) pancreatic amylase 2) pancreatic lipase 3) proteases 4) bicarbonate

Question 41

what are structures of the small intestine designed for?

Answer 41

designed to maximize nutrient absorption

Question 42

villi

Answer 42

- increase surface area - capillaries - lacteals

Question 43

true or false: products of digestion need to pass through the cells of the intestine to be fully absorbed

Answer 43

true

Question 44

where are absorbed nutrients taken for processing?

Answer 44

liver

Question 45

_____ stores food waste until it is ready to be excreted

Answer 45

large intestine

Question 46

large intestine stores water and nutrients for up to ______

Answer 46

24 hours

Question 47

material that is not absorbed = _______

Answer 47

feces

Question 48

peptic ulcers

Answer 48

- erosion of the mucosal layer | - gastric vs. duodenal ulcer

Question 49

2 disorders of the lower GI

Answer 49

irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease

Question 50

irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 50

- abdominal cramps - bloating - constipation/diarrhea - stress - nervous system miscommunication - certain trigger foods

Question 51

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 51

- inflammation of the GI tract - Crohn's disease - ulcerative colitis

Question 52

carbohydrates, protein and fat are converted to ATP inside ______

Answer 52

the mitochondria

Question 53

catabolism

Answer 53

taking something large and breaking down into something smaller (breaking down - tend to produce the ATP

Question 54

anabolism

Answer 54

the opposite (building up - need ATP)

Question 55

integumentary system

Answer 55

- skin | - gets rid of some wastes, not all (sweat gets rid of ammonia and urea)