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AP Biology 1200 > Chapter 6 -Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 -Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the protective functions of the integumentary system (6)

A
  1. fight against infection
  2. against UV and trauma
  3. against water loss
  4. maintains homeostasis
  5. in conjunction with nervous system sensory function
  6. in conjunction with muscle system communication
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2
Q

what is its biosynthetic function?

A

produce vit D and precursor called vit D3

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3
Q

what does dendritic immune cells (langerhans cell) in the skin do?

A

engulf envaders

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4
Q

what are antimicrobial peptides?

A

definsins and dermicin

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5
Q

presence of keratin in the skin does what

A

strong protein that provides abrasion resistance

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6
Q

how does the integumentary system accomplish protection against infection? (3)

A

dry: discourage growth of bacteria (pathogen grows in moist area)
acidic: ph of 5-6 not ideal for pathogen
physical barrier-wall: to pass desmosomes contribute

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7
Q

does the dermis have thermoreceptors?

A

yes, transmit signals back to the dermal blood vessels

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8
Q

how does sweat glands responds to cooling / keeping warm the body?

A

vasoconstriction : decrease heat loss

vasodilate: increase heat lost

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9
Q

integumentary system composed of (2)

A

accessory organs /cutaneous membrane

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10
Q

accessory organs composed of (3)

A

cutaneous gland, hair, nails

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11
Q

cutaneous membrane composed of (2)

A

dermis, epidermis (hypodermis)

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12
Q

define: dermis and epidermis

A

layers of skin

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13
Q

define: hypodermis

A

located below the skin

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14
Q

skin is composed of (2) two types of tissue

A

dermi/hypodermis : connective tissue and epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

epidermis consist of what type of cells (5)

A

stem cell, merkle tactile cell, dendritic/langerhan cells, melanocyte, and keratinocyte (most abundant) 85%

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16
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis from the bottom - up

A

stratum basale, stratum spinous, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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17
Q

epidermis

A

lines the surfaces outside organs and vessels, no blood vessels, avascular basement membrane, densely packed, cells closely packed together and overlies connect

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18
Q

how are organs determined? (4)

A

by tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous , muscle (ECoNoMy)

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19
Q

connective tissue

A

by comparison to epithelial has far fewer cells, more extracellular matrix, vascularized

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20
Q

dendrite Langerhans cells are found in?

A

stratum spinous and stratum granulosum (alert immune system with pathogens)

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21
Q

tactile merkel cells sense what?

A

touch (basal layer)

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22
Q

melanocytes occurs where?

A

basale synthesize melanin synthesize melanin keratinocytes phagocytize melanin and shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation

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23
Q

keratinocytes synthesize?

A

synthesize keratin (most abundant)

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24
Q

what is germinatinum?

A

mitosis skin reproduction daughter cells move upward making appearance diff /characteristic change and then sloth off 30-40 days

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25
effectiveness of water barrier
trans-epidermal water loss, insensible water loss, cutaneous insensible perspiration ( all the same)
26
volume
apx 400ml evaporates past water barrier per day (humidity, air, temp)
27
characteristics
lipid, tight junctions between keratinocytes, water-insoluble protein inside keratinocyte membrane
28
thick characteristics of skin
extra layer lucidum, thicker stratum corneum
29
where is thick skin located
palm of hand, soles of feet where it does not have hair or associated structure like arrector pilli or sebaceous glands
30
epidermal growth occurs?
mainly at night (sleep is important)
31
how many days does it take for skin to slough off?
30-40 days from creation to sighing off as dander (Faster if skin is injured)
32
membrane filled with keratin in the epidermis is what?
dead
33
mechanical stress where there is faster accumulation of dead keratinocytes causes what?
calluses or corns
34
nutrients diffuse from where
dermis
35
epidermal growth factor EGF stimulates what? (3)
stem cell division, keratin production, gland secretion
36
cells of stratum corneum (20-30 layers) is composed of what?
top is dead, flattened membranous sacs, filled with keratin, surrounded by glycolipid water proofing
37
epidermal-dermal interface (2) composed of two layers
1. interlocks -preventing slippage btwn layers epidermal ridge and dermal papillae 2. produces friction ridges
38
dermal layers consist of (2)
papillary layer: areolar tissue (mobility of leukocyte and defence mechanism) superficial reticular layer: collagen fibers some adipocytes more protein, deeper
39
dermal key proteins
collagen: a very strong protein that limits the amount of stretch
40
cells of dermis (a fibrous connective tissue)
adipocytes : accumulate fat myopithelial cells: contractile cells push sections through ducts fibroblast: produce collagen, elastic and reticular fibres
41
hypodermis (binds the skin to tissue) : areolar and adipose tissue adipose provides (3)
1. cushioning, 2. insulation (thermal) 3. energy storage
42
hypodermis composed of subcutaneous tissue which is highly vascular and absorbs
injection quickly
43
skin colour is due to
melanin
44
dark skin vs light skin
there are the same amount of melanocytes but faster melanin synthesis and slower break down
45
melanin is packaged in vesicles called
melanosomes
46
melanin protects what?
keratinocytes -cancer
47
carotene is what?
yellow orange pigment (vit a precursor)
48
where does carotene accumulate
in the stratum corneum and in dermal and hypodermal adipocytes (more visible where there is less melanin)
49
carotinosis (or carotenoderma)
orange colour of skin
50
hemoglobin is bright red what is it function?
carry oxygen in blood-vasodilate flushed hb makes the oxygen bright red
51
skin features : friction ridges are?
visible pattern due to protruding dermal papillae in the fingers, palms, soles of our feet gives us finger prints
52
flexion lines
skin folds due to underlying joint because of dermis tightly attached to deeper structures with little fatty tissue in-between (folds during flexion of joints)
53
lines of cleavage
due to orientation of dermal collagen and elastic fibres, oriented to withstand normal stresses, clinical significance cuts parallel to lines close and heal better
54
highly melanized area mole: aka
nevus usually raised
55
freckle is
flat more than average amount of melanin
56
hair (pilus) function
heat conservation, social functions appearance/scent trap, barrier (coarse vibrissa in nostrils, ear canals)
57
pilus composed of
cuticle: uncoloured arranged like shingles interlock with follicle lining to resist pulling cortex medulla (eumelanin) dark pigment brown black
58
hair colour is due to
amount of eumelanin (dark pigment brown black) and pheomelanin
59
hair matrix located where
hair bulb=mitotic
60
lanugo (in utero)
very fine, unpigmented, lost before just after birth
61
what is vellus?
fine unpigmented hair that covers most of the body
62
terminal hair
longer, more coarse, pigmented grows axillary and pubic areas
63
variations in hair shape
round in straight hair/oval wavy hair/ flat tight curls
64
hair pigmentation
lack of pigment gives you white hair
65
hair growth cycle in three phase
anlagen 6-8 years hair matrix begin lengthen (growth) catagen 2-8 weeks hair matrix dies (detach) club hair follicle and bulb shrivel telogen 1-3 mo end hair stops growing
66
``` nails terms (A) nail plate (b) nail bed (C)nail fold (d)eponychium (e) lunule ```
a. the nail b. tissue under nail plate c. skin at endless surrounds nail bed d. cuticle e. whitish crescent distal to cuticle where thick stratum basal hides underlying vessels
67
how many hairs do you shed a day?
50-100 hairs/ day
68
mecrocine secrete sweat through
pore in skin surface wet skin diaphoresis widely distributed (cool body)
69
apocrine secrete sweat through
duct that empties into hair follicle and sweat secreted by arrector pilli (limited distribution around the body, axillae, areola, nipples, ear banana, eyelids nostrils, genitalia)
70
aprocrine: bromhidrosis
bad body odour
71
modified apocrine gland called mammary gland secretion is
richer to support and nourish young
72
nail appearance is used for
diagnostic indicators of iron deficiency concave nail plate metabolic problem nail clubbing long term oxygen deprivation
73
increased blood flow exercise vasodilate; skin red
erythema
74
oxygen deficiency rest problem or circulatory problem -skin blue
cyanosis
75
decreased blood flow through skin anemia- pale
pallor
76
lack of melanin due to functional exam converts tyrosine to melanin- white hair, pale skin pink eyes
albinism
77
accumulation of high levels of bilirubin from liver disorder high rate of RBC breakdown
jaundice
78
deficiency of glucocorticoid hormones from adrenal glands (addison disease) causing accumulation of ACTH MSH melanocyte stimulation hormone- golden brown colorr
bronzing
79
mass of clotted bloodier tor trauma, bruise
hematoma
80
autoimmune that damages melanocytes-localized lighting patches
vitiligo
81
first degree damages
epidermis (redness suntan: swelling pain)
82
second degree damages
epidermis and part of dermis (red, tan or white, blistered, very painful)
83
third degree damages
epidermis, dermis and underlying tissue of hypodermic and beyond (regeneration can only be from edges of wound and therefore often requires skin graft)
84
what happens in third degree damages
skin graft, vessels become leaky, water barrier gone, biggest danger is fluid loss replaced by IV and infection, dead tissue eschar can be toxic and must be removed by debridement
85
skin cancer what is the common one least fatal?
basal cell carcinoma
86
squamous cell carcinoma
may metastasize to lump nodes and therefore increase risk for fatality
87
malignant melanoma
from melanocytes of predating mole highly metastatic and high risk. removed promptly
88
melanoma characteristic
``` Asymmetric Border Color variation (black brown blue) Diameter >6 mm Evolving (enlarging, changing) ```
89
blister
elevated fluid filled between layers of epidermis, between epidermis and dermis could be from excessive friction fluid from cells move into space
90
decubitus ulcer
bed sores on going compression on superficial blood vessels compromising nutrient supply (frequently turn)
91
dermatitis
infl of skin bacterial viral agents, chemical irritant; lack of circulation
92
psoriais
itchy dry patches covered silvery scales, movement of cells from stratum germinative basal of epidermis to stratum corneum leading to build up, immune attack on skin cells
93
hemangioma
benign growth build up of dermal capillaries
94
dermal damage
tears in dermis rapid weight gain STRIAE stretch marks
95
hair related: alopecia
loss of hair
96
hirsutism
over production of testosterone adrenal gland hair over production
97
which layer is avascular
epidermis
98
hair growth supported b nutrients derived from
dermal papilla
99
hair growth is due to mitosis in what region
hair matrix

AP Biology 1200 (6 decks)

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