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MICRO LECTURE > Chapter 6 -- Intro to viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 6 -- Intro to viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Roman Empire

A

Detailed accounts of epidemics

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2
Q

Cortez and the Aztecs

A

Believe Cortez brought small pox over to Aztecs who had never been exposed

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3
Q

Chamberland

A

Created porcelain bacterial filter to catch bacterial cells, like a strainer

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4
Q

Dmitri Iwanowski

A

Tobacco mosaic disease – took filtrate and exposed on healthy plants and they got sick, but still didn’t know why – discovered that viruses are filterable

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5
Q

Martina’s Bejerinck

A

Credited with coining the term ‘virus’

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6
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

Visualized viruses

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7
Q

Characteristics of Viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasite, particle not a cell, has DNA or RNA, infectious agent, filterable

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8
Q

Density dependence

A

Or contact inhibition, which is the cells will stop growing if too crowded

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9
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Like to grow on a surface

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10
Q

Transformed cells lack

A

Density and anchorage dependence, which causes tumors and metastasized cells

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11
Q

Oncoviruses

A

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

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12
Q

Papilloma virus

A

All strains cause warts, can cause cervical cancer

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13
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

A

Mononucleosis, or Burkitt’s lymphoma ( lump, usually on face, mostly in Africa)

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14
Q

Persistent infections

A

Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed; can last weeks or hosts lifetime

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15
Q

Chronic latent state

A

Several persistent viruses can periodically reactivate— examples: measles (may remain hidden in brain cells for many years, very rare), herpes simplex virus (cold sores or genital herpes), herpes zoster virus, or varicella ( chickenpox or shingles)

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16
Q

Nucleic acid core

A

DNA or RNA, linear or circular, carries info to redirect host to make new viruses, may contain enzymes

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17
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat of a virus made of amino subunits called capsomeres

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18
Q

Capsomeres

A

Amino acid subunits in capsid

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19
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Genome and capsid together

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20
Q

Spikes

A

Surface glycoproteins essential for attachment to host receptors on outside of envelope — may cause hemagglutination

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21
Q

Helical

A

Rod shaped

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22
Q

Polyhedral

A

Or lcosahedral, many sided

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23
Q

Complex viruses

A

Atypical viruses

Examples: Pox virus– lacks a typical capsid and covered by dense layer of lipoprotein; Bacteriophage– mean a virus that effects bacteria, polyhedral nucleocapsid head along with a helical “tails” and attachment fibers

24
Q

-viridae

A

Family name ends with -viridae, example: Herpesviridae

25
-virus
Genus name ends with -virus, example: Simplexvirus
26
Transmission
How to get infected, can be more than One way --- example: chicken pox can be transmitted by inhalation or contact
27
Site of Multiplication
Where it multiplies in cell -- animal cell in nucleus and in bacteria in the cytoplasm
28
General Steps in Viral Replication
1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release
29
Attachment
Step 1 in replication -- binding of virus to specific molecules (receptors) on host cell; contact is random
30
Entry
Step 2 in replication -- virus or genome enters host cell
31
Assembly
AKA maturation, Step 4 in replication -- viral components are assembled
32
Release
Step 5 in replication -- virus leaves the cell to infect other cells; exocytosis
33
Synthesis
Step 3 in replication -- viral components re produced ( DNA or RNA )
34
Bacteriophage Replication
Lytic cycle or Lysogenic cycle
35
Lytic cycle
Ends in lysis of cell, essentially the same as general replication
36
Lysogenic cycle
Host cell gains new properties from incorporated viral genes-- host cell gains immunity to reinfection by same virus-- prophage is a bacterium with hidden DNA within its DNA
37
Lysogeny
Spreads virus without killing host cell
38
Lysogenic conversion
Phage genes in the bacterial chromosome can cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause pathology
39
Viral Classification
virus are classified on following criteria: type of host, nucleic acid, morphology, naked or enveloped, transmission ,site of multiplication and symtomology
40
Steps in Viral Replication
REMEMBER Caesar without the C --- Attachment, Entry, Synthesis, Assembly and Release
41
DNA viruses
generally are replicated and assembled in the nucleus
42
RNA viruses
generally replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm: Positive-sense RNA contain the message for translation and Negative-sense RNA must be converted into a positive-sense message
43
Budding
a way a virus leaves a cell -- exocytosis; nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the virus gradually; cell is not immediatly destroyed
44
Lysis
one way a virus leaves the host - nonenveloped and complex viruses released when the cell dies and ruptures
45
Prions
not viruses, but proteins --- no nucleic acid, non cellular --- can induce spontaneous abnormal folding in normal proteins -- extremely resistant to control methods
46
Satellite viruses
dependent on other viruses to replication
47
Adeno-associated virus
satellite virus -- replicated only in cells infected with adenovirus
48
Delta agent
satellite virus -- naked strand of RNA expressed only in the presence of HepB virus
49
Viroids
short pieces of RNA, no protein coat; only been identified in plants
50
Rabies
a bullet shaped animal virus that attaches to the nervous system for which a post exposure vaccine is a valid prevention method
51
RNA
type of nucleic acid in the core of the Influenza virus
52
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Bacteriophages may be grown on nutrient agar
53
Retrovirus
a virus such as HIV that produces revere transcriptase
54
Reverse transcriptase
an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
55
Prophage
bacterium with hidden viral DNA with in its DNA
56
Herpes family
chicken pox, mono, shingles and cold sores are all caused by members of the same FAMILY of viruses
57
Arbovirus
general term for a virus carried by an arthropod vector such as a mosquito

MICRO LECTURE (17 decks)

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