Shah Chapter 4

Question 1

Used to view external structure

Answer 1

Light microscope

Question 2

Used to view internal structures

Answer 2

electron microscope

Question 3

Isolation of cell components; fractionation

Answer 3

causing cell to break apart

Question 4

Isolation of cell components; ultracentrifugation

Answer 4

Spinning the cell to separate parts by weight

Question 5

Spherical or round

Answer 5

coccus; cocci

Question 6

rod shaped

Answer 6

bacillus; bacilli

Question 7

Helical, flexible, corkscrew, can swim by rotation or creeping, have 2-100 periplasmic flagella

Answer 7

spirochete

Question 8

Helical, rigid, loose S, can be in tufts, swim by rotating around like corkscrews

Answer 8

spirillum, spirilla

Question 9

Comma shaped

Answer 9

vibrio

Question 10

cocci, diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci

Answer 10

singles, in pairs, chains, irregular clusters

Question 11

Bacilli, diplobacilli, streptobacilli

Answer 11

singles, in pairs, chains

Question 12

Pleomorphism

Answer 12

occurence of more than one shape in its life e.g Mycoplasma lacks cell wall causing it to easily change shape

Question 13

How does glycocalyx make a bacterium more virulent

Answer 13

prevents dehydration, gives protection from antibiotics

Question 14

bacterial cell wall of domain bacteria composed of a complex of proteins and carbohydrates arranged in a lattice pattern this substance is called

Answer 14

peptidoglycan

Question 15

prokaryotic structure that is composed of the protein pilin and functions in conjugation also known as horizontal gene transfer (sex bridge)

Answer 15

Pili

Question 16

Motility

Answer 16

Flagella & Axial filaments

Question 17

Attachment or channels

Answer 17

fimbriae and pili; to obtain nutrients

Question 18

Monotrichous

Answer 18

single flagellum at one end

Question 19

Lophotrichous

Answer 19

small bunches (tufts) emerging from the same site

Question 20

Amphitrichous

Answer 20

flagella at both ends of the cell

Question 21

peritrichous

Answer 21

flagella dispersed over surface of cell

Question 22

genus of bacteria that have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan covered with a layer of wax

Answer 22

myobacterium

Question 23

Chemical Stimuli (chemotaxis) guides bacteria in a direction

Answer 23

positive(towards) negative(away)

Question 24

flagella in counterclockwise results in

Answer 24

smooth linear direction

Question 25

flagella in clockwise results in

Answer 25

tumbles

Question 26

A small circular extra chromosomal piece of DNA that may contain genes for toxin production or antibiotic resistance

Answer 26

Plasmid

Question 27

non-living crystal- like granules within the prokaryotic cytoplasm that may be permanent or transient but seem to function as reserve deposits (storage of molecules)

Answer 27

Inclusion

Question 28

In a negative stain does the capsule take the stain?

Answer 28

NO

Question 29

In a simple acidic stain (the color is in the negative ion & is repelled by negative cell wall) colors what?

Answer 29

The background

Question 30

A bacterium that has thick peptidoglycan and a small amount of techie acid its cell wall would be what color after completion of the Gram Stain?

Answer 30

Purple

Question 31

Color of gram negative cells after completion of the decolorizing step during the gram stain procedure

Answer 31

Clear

Question 32

Stressful conditions such as the depletion of nutrients from the environment can cause some gram positive bacilli to form a protective structure known as a

Answer 32

Endospore

Question 33

Gram-positive cell wall

Answer 33

thick cell wall, 20-80nm composed primarily of peptidoglycan, includes teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid, more penetrable, retain crystal violet and stain purple

Question 34

Gram-negative cell wall

Answer 34

outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer 8-11nm, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides, lipid portion (endotoxin) may become toxic when released during infections, may function as receptors and blocking immune response, less penetrable, lose crystal violet and stain red/pink from safranin counterstain

Question 35

exotoxins

Answer 35

specific to a cell type(blood, liver, nerve), stimulate antitoxins, tetanus, cholera, anthrax: gram pos and neg

Question 36

endotoxins

Answer 36

Systemic: fever, inflammation, weakness, shock, does not stimulate antitoxins, Meningitis, endotoxic shock, salmonellosis: all gram neg bacteria