Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 6 - Learning Deck (40)
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1
Q

any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

A

learning

2
Q

irrational fears of specific objects or situation

A

phobias

3
Q

intense fear of being in public places where it may be difficult to escape from or in which it might be difficult to obtain help

A

agoraphobia

4
Q

involves learning connections b/t events that occur in an organism’s environment

A

conditioing

5
Q

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

A

classical conditioning (Pavlov)

6
Q

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus

7
Q

unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

A

unconditioned response

8
Q

previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

A

conditioned stimulus

9
Q

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

A

conditioned response

10
Q

consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

A

trial in classical conditoning

11
Q

changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive and negative stimuli

A

evaluative conditioning

12
Q

the initial stage of learning something

A

acquisition

13
Q

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

A

extinction

14
Q

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

A

spontaneous recovery

15
Q

a response is extinguished in a diff environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place

A

renewal effect

16
Q

when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

17
Q

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

A

stimulus discrimination

18
Q

which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

A

higher-order conditioning

19
Q

involves a species-specific predispostion to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

A

preparedness

20
Q

form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

A

operant conditioning

21
Q

if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association b/t the stimulus and the response is strengthened

A

law of effect

22
Q

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

A

reinforcement

23
Q

circumstances or rules that determine whether response lead to the presentation of reinforcers

A

reinforcement contingencies

24
Q

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

A

primary reinforcers

25
Q

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

A

secondary reinforcers

26
Q

consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

A

shaping

27
Q

cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences of a response

A

discriminative stimuli

28
Q

occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

A

continous reinforcement

29
Q

occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

A

intermittent reinforcement

30
Q

reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses

A

fixed-ratio schedule

31
Q

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses

A

variable-ratio schedule

32
Q

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

A

fixed-interval schedule

33
Q

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

A

variable-interval schedule

34
Q

occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

A

postive reinforcement

35
Q

occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

A

negative reinforcemnt

36
Q

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

A

escape learning

37
Q

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring

A

avoidance learning

38
Q

learning that is not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs

A

latent learning

39
Q

occurs when an animal’s innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes

A

instinctive drift

40
Q

organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

A

observational learning