Chapter 6: Personality Assesment

Question 1

What are the five factor Model (ffm)?

Answer 1

-openness to experience
-conscientiousness
-extraversion
-agreeableness
-neuroticism

Question 2

What is the Ocean acronym stand for in the Five Factor Model?

Answer 2

O.C.E.A.N

Question 3

What are the facets of neuroticism?

Answer 3

Anxiety
Hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability

Question 4

What are the facets of extraversion?

Answer 4

Warmth
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
Activity
Excitement
Seeking
Positive emotions

Question 5

What are the facets of openness to experiences?

Answer 5

Fantasy
Aesthetics
Feelings
Actions
Ideas
Values

Question 6

what are the facets of agreeableness?

Answer 6

Trust
Straightforwardness
Altruism
Compliance
Modesty
Tender-mindedness

Question 7

What are the facets of conscientiousness?

Answer 7

Competence
Order
Dutifulness
Achievement
Striving
Self-discipline
Deliberation

Question 8

Behaviorist view of personality

Answer 8

-product of situational factors
* learning/conditioning from environment
* behaviors learned through reinforcement
(Behavior can also be shaped by culture)

Question 9

what is the middle ground?

Answer 9

Human behavior and emotion is an interaction of personality traits and situational factors

Question 10

What are the requirements of useful personality tests?

Answer 10

-standardization
-Reliability
-incremental validity

Question 11

What is standardization?

Answer 11

Follow Sam escorting and administration procedures each time

Question 12

What is reliability?

Answer 12

Similar results for the same individual upon multiple testing

Question 13

What is Incremental validity?

Answer 13

Provide information not provided by other sources/predict a persons future behavior
-(helps clinicians to guide treatment)

Question 14

What are the types of personality tests?

Answer 14

-projective/objective tests
-Hermann Rorschach used for inkblots for psychiatric diagnosis
-observe responses of ppl to ambiguous situations (inkblots)

Question 15

Projective tests

Answer 15

-responses to ambiguous stimuli are assed
-based on projective hypothesis (test takers unconsciously reveal personality)
-emphasize freuds concept of projection
-provide incremental validity

Question 16

Rorschach Inkblots Test description

Answer 16

-several approaches to administering/scoring/interpreting results
-descrip: 10 inkblots (10 black/white/grey & 5 w/ colors)
-administration: respondent tells what is seen (clinician records responses verbatim)
-Inquiry: clinician asks for causes/prompts for responses elaboration/clarification

Question 17

Rorschach inkblots test scoring

Answer 17

Methods vary 3 determinants

-Location: area of card which individual responds
- Content : nature of object perceived in inkblot
-Determinants: aspects of card that evoked response (weight given to determinants than content)

Question 18

Rorschach inkblot interpretation

Answer 18

Complex and subject to illusory correlation
-overuse of form suggest conformity
-poor form may suggest psychosis
-color is said to relate to emotionality
-overuse of white spaces indicates opposition
-detailed indicates ocd
-small animals = passivity; blood hostility
-turning a card indicates suspicion

Question 19

Rorschach inkblot test reliability + validity

Answer 19

R: clinicians freewheel interpretive approaches
V: avg/moderate through mats-analysis controversial (scores unsupported by research) *lots of skeptics

Question 20

What is the Thematic Apperception Test? (TAT)

Answer 20

• Individuals respond to a series of pictures
• Clinicians are likely to make specific judgments from responses
Description
• 31 cards (one is blank) of people of unclear gender in varied situations
• Less ambiguous and unstructured as the Rorschach

Question 21

Who introduced the Thematic apperception test?

Answer 21

Morgan and Murray

Question 22

Thematic apperception test administration

Answer 22

Administration:
-clinicians select 6-12 cards
-respondents stories transcribed verabtim

Question 23

Thematic apperception test Scoring/Interpretation

Answer 23

Lindzey and Silverman’s interpretation:
• Paranoia: using stereotyped phrases
• Anxiety: emotional trauma, accidents
• Dependency: family member references
• Sexual problems: avoiding to mention sexual clues in pictures

Question 24

What are objective tests?

Answer 24

Have standard question statements administered w/ fixed responses

Question 25

Objective tests advantages

Answer 25

-economical: can be given to groups/individuals
-brief instructions: simple scoring
-objective and reliable

Question 26

Objective test disadvantages

Answer 26

-response may not indicate actual behavior
-several interpretations of same score
-fake responses
- exp/culture/context can influence interpretation and responses

Question 27

Constructing Objective Tests

Answer 27

Content validation; making sure that test measures all aspect of construct of interest
Methods: -careful defining relevant construct aspects
-assessing revelance of each potential item
-evaluating their psychometric properties

Question 28

Limitations on objective tests

Answer 28

• may interpret items differently
• Responses may be untrue, “socially desirable”

Question 29

Empirical Criterion Keying

Answer 29

• Assumption is that certain groups of people will respond in a similar way
• Difficulty to interpret meaning of scores

Question 30

Factor Analysis

Answer 30

A statistical method determining whether
potential items are, or not, related to each other
• Strength: emphasizes empiricism
• Weakness: Unclear whether variables of
interest are measured

Question 31

Construct Validity Approach

Answer 31

Combines aspects of the content validity,
empirical criterion keying, and factor analytic
approaches

Question 32

The MMPI

Answer 32

Validity Scales by

• 10 validity scales in MMPI-3
• Account for questions unanswered, or answered in defensive, or socially desirable way Reliability and Validity
• Clinical scale scores show good test-retest
reliability
• Good convergent and discriminant validity
• Incremental validity neglected, as in other tests

Question 33

revised neo personality inventory

Answer 33

-self measure
Scoring/intrpretation: hand/computer scoring
Reliability:high internal consistency
Limitations:lacks validity, developed for Normal personality

Question 34

Discrimination and bias in personality testing

Answer 34

-of test were overrepresented by white middle class educated ppl
-systematic discrimination against minorities
-lack of exposure to working
-biased scoring