Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psych > Chapter 6 Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Quiz Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

learning

A

any durable change in behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

-“stumbled” across classical conditioning around 1900
-studying “psychic reflexes”
-saliva experiments on dogs
-dogs start responding prior to the meat powder (sounds of preparation)
-realized a neutral stimulus was creation a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

No Response

A

NR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

UCS
ex: the dog food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

UCR
ex: dog salivating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

process

A

repeatedly pair the US with the NS
ex: NS -> the bell
US -> food
UCR -> dog salivating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

following repeated pairings…

A

the NS will begin to elicit the response without the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)…

A

can only create a conditioned response (CR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Before Conditioning:

A

NS -> no response
(the bell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During Conditioning:

A

US -> NS
(meat powder) (the bell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After Conditioning:

A

US -> UR
(meat powder) (salivating)
l
V
CS
(the bell) -> CR (salivating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

process of condition = acquisition

A

the initial stage of learning something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

process of condition = extinction

A

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

process of condition = spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

process of condition = stimulus generalization

A

responding to things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

process of condition = stimulus discrimination

A

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

high order conditioning

A

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

classical conditioning in everyday life:

A

-conditioned fear and anxiety
–events and interactions can create phobias
-emotional responses as of a result of a certain smell, song, etc
-physiological response (ie immune system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

watson

A

classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

skinner

A

operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

our behavior is controlled by the…

A

consequences we receive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

operant responses are said to be…

A

emitted rather than elicited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
primary reinforcers
events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs ex: food, water
26
secondary (conditioned) reinforcers
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers ex: paycheck, attention
27
positive reinforcement
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
28
negative reinforcement
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
29
punishment
an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
30
positive punishment
something is added
31
negative punishment
something is taken away
32
skinner box
a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled
33
acquisition
the initial stages of learning new response
34
shaping
process of repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximations to desired reponse
35
avoidance learning
an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
36
contingency theory - Robert Rescorla
-A "type" of classical conditioning --pairing a US with a CS does not always lead to learning - must have an outcome that is recognizable by the subject
37
The Law of Effect - Edward Thorndike
responses that create a good effect becomes more likely to occur again, and responses that create a bad effect becomes less likely to occur again
38
Learned Helplessness - Martin Seligman
Continuous: without stopping or interruption (best for learning something new) Intermittent: irregular intervals; not continuous or steady operant^
39
Schedules of Reinforcement:
rules to present (or removes) reinforces (punishers) following desired response *either fixed - continuous - or variable-intermittent
40
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement
ex: 10 responses before I get reward *lower resistance to extinction, because of variable
41
Fixed-Interval
ex: $13 an hour
42
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement:
higher resistance to extinction ex: pulling lever on slot machine
43
Fixed-Interval Reinforcement:
lower resistance to extinction ex: paid every 2 weeks, hourly pay is fixed and continuous
44
Variable-Interval:
higher resistance to extinction ex: waves *paid every 4 weeks but changes around the holidays
45
Commission=
ratio
46
salary=
interval
47
Fixed-Ratio
commission for every house you sell?
48
extinction
loss of desired response
49
Conditioned Taste Aversion
association of taste of foods with toxins or poisons
50
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura):
learn through watching others - observational learning *models are viewed doing something and learner mimics the behavior
51
Social Cognitive Theory - Bandura
4 steps to learning: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
52
Self-efficacy
To execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
53
Fixed
Same
54
Variable
Change
55
Interval
Time
56
Ratio
Numbers
57
Hippocampus
Learning and memory
58
Types of memory
Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory
59
Encoding
They taking in of new memories
60
Storage
Stores info in the brain
61
Retrieval
Helps retrieve info from the brain
62
Encoding requires…
Attention a filter or focus on specific stimuli
63
Selective attention
Focusing on a particular object in the environment for certain period of time
64
Cocktail party effect phenomenon
The ones ability to focus on a particular stimulus well filtering out other stimuli
65
Multitasking
Research suggests that the human brain can effectively handle only one attention consuming task at a time
66
Elaboration
Is linking a stimulus other information at the time of encoding
67
Visual imagery
Is created with visual images to represent words
68
Motivation to remember
Is when the information is perceived as being important
69
Self referent encoding 
Involves the siding how are weather information is personally relevant
70
Storage
Maintaining information in memory
71
Sensory memory
Perceives information in this original sensory form for a brief time usually only a fraction of a second
72
Short term memory
Limited capacity store they can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10 to 20 seconds
73
George Miller
The magical number seven
74
Chunking
Is grouping together of familiar stimuli as a single unit
75
Rehearsal
The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information
76
Working memory capacity
Refers to one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention
77
Long-term memory
An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
78
Retention
Refers to the proportion of material retained/remembered
79
Recall
Measure of attention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues example: essay
80
Recognition
Measure of attention requires subject to select previously learned information from an array of options example: multiple-choice
81
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
The temporary inability to remember something you know accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach
82
Miss information affect
Occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information * Elizabeth Loftus’s car studies
83
Reality monitoring
Refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one’s perception or actual events) Or internal sources (one’s thoughts and imagination) Example: did I turn off the porch light? I think I ate sushi Monday, didn’t I?
84
Source monitoring
Involves making attributions about the origins of memories Example: what should I get this information from, my friend or on TV?
85
Source monitoring error
When a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source Example: explains how people can have memories of things didn’t experience
86
Destination memory
Involves are calling to whom one has told what
87
Forgetting curve
“Use it or lose it” (Ebbinghaus)
88
Ineffective encoding
Not inserted in memory to begin with usually due to a lack of attention
89
Decay
Details lesson and fade over time
90
Interference
Other details and information get in the way
91
Retrieval failure
Retrieval and encoding do not match
92
Motivated forgetting
Freud‘s repression
93
Retrograde amnesia
Can’t remember things before the event
94
Anterograde amnesia
Can’t remember anything after the event

psych (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions