Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Body support
- Organ protection
- Body movement
- Minerals storage
- Blood cell production
2
Q
What are the minerals and tissue stored in the bone?
A
Calcium and phoshorous, Adipose tissue
3
Q
if blood levels of the minerals _______ the minerals are ______ from the bone into the blood
A
decreases, released
4
Q
If needed _____ is released into the blood and used by other tissues as source of energy
A
Lipids
5
Q
Blood cell production is called?
A
Hematopoiesis
6
Q
location of the blood cell production
A
Red bone marrow
7
Q
Collagen
A
- provides flexibility
- resists compression
- shock absorption of cartilage
8
Q
proteglycans
A
- water-trapping proteins
- makes cartilage smooth and resilient
- makes up the matrix
9
Q
What is the primary inorganic material found in the bone matrix?
A
Hydroxyapatite
10
Q
a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen. A s a result, the bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal bone
A
Osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease
11
Q
- bone building cells
- produce collagen and proteglycans
- secretes hydroxyapatite
A
osteoblasts
12
Q
The formation of new bone by osteoblast is called?
A
Ossification/osteogenesis
13
Q
When does ossification occur?
A
Fetus: growing larger
Adults: repairing fracture
14
Q
- once the osteoblasts produced sufficient bone matrix
- maintains bone matrix
A
Osteocytes
15
Q
Where does osteocyte cell bodies housed at?
A
Bone matrix spaces called lacunae
16
Q
Where is osteocyte cell extensions located?
A
Canaliculi
17
Q
What does osteocyte cells and extensions do?
A
Form molds where the matrix was formed
18
Q
- bone destroying cells
- develop a ruffled border
A
Osteoclasts
19
Q
What does the breakdown of bone called?
A
Bone reabsorption
20
Q
Where does osteoclasts being developed?
A
Red bone marrow
21
Q
mature bone is also called?
A
Lamellar bone
22
Q
Where is lamellar bone organized?
A
Lamellae
23
Q
2 classifications of bone
A
Spongy bone
Compact bone
24
Q
- appears porous
- less bone matrix, more space
A
Spongy bone
25
What is spongy bone composed of?
Plates of bone or trabeculae
26
What is compact bone also called as?
Cortical bone
27
- solid outerlayer
- denser and fewer pores
- blood vessels enter the substance itself
Compact/cortical bone
28
What is the functional unit of the compact bone?
Osteon/harvesian
29
- composed of concentric rings of matrix
Osteon
30
the bull's eye of the target in osteon is called?
Central canal
31
Contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue
Central canal
32
Where does the nutrients and waste products from and to the blood vessels being delivered?
Osteocytes as they are connected with each other through canaliculi
33
- center portion of the bone
Diaphysis
34
- hollow center
Medullar cavity
35
- ends of a long bone
Epiphyses
36
- within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called
Articular cartilage
37
- also called as growth plate
- located between epiphyses and diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
38
Where does the growth of the bone length occur?
Epiphyseal plate
39
When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate is ossified and is called?
Epiphyseal line
40
Site of blood cell formation
Red marrow
41
- mostly adipose tissue
- replaces red marrow in the long bones of the limbs
Yellow bone marrow
42
Source of donated red bone marrow
Hip bone
43
- connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
- some collagen fibers of the tendons and ligaments penetrate which strengthens its attachment to the bone
Periosteum
44
- single layer of connective tissue
- lines the internal surfaces of all cavities
Endosteum
45
2 processes of bone formation in fetus
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
46
- 8th week of development - 2 yrs of age
- starts at the centers of ossification
Intramembranous ossification
47
- soft spots
- larger, membrane-covered spaces
- not yet ossified
Frontanels
48
how does long bones grow
Creating new cartilage
49
When does bone elongation occur?
As chondrocytes proliferate, enlarge, die, and replaced by a new bone
50
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts remove old bone and osteoblasts deposit new bone
51
- woven bone to lamellar bone
- bone growth
- bone shape
- adjustment to stress
- bone repair
- calcium regulation
bone remodeling
52
- osteoclasts break down bone matrix
- osteoblast produce a layer of bone
- lamellae are produced until osteon is formed
Compact bone remodeling
53
- bone matrix is removed from trabecula
- forms cavity
- filled with new bone matrix
Spongy bone remodeling
54
bone repair process
Hematoma formation
Callus formation
Callus ossification
Bone remodeling
55
15 bone fracture classifications
1. Open fracture
2. Closed fracture
3. Complicated fracture
4. Incomplete fracture
5. Complete fracture
6. Greenstick fracture
7. Hairline fracture
8. Comminuted fracture
9. Impacted fracture
10. Linear fracture
11. Transverse fracture
12. Spiral fracture
13. Oblique fracture
14. Dentate fracture
15. Stellate fracture
56
- compound fracture
- open wound extends to the site of fracture
- fragment of bone protudes through the skin
Open fracture
57
- skin is not perforated
Closed fracture
58
- soft tissues around the closed fracture are damaged
Complicated fracture
59
- does not extend completely across the bone
Incomplete fracture
60
- the bone is brken into at least two fragments
Complete fracture
61
- an incomplete fracture to the convex side of the curve of the bone
greenstick fracture
62
- common in the skull
- when two sections of bone do not separate
Hairline fracture
63
- when bone breaks into more than 2 fragments
Comminuted fracture
64
- one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of the other fragment
Impacted fracture
65
- run parallel to the length of the bone
Linear fracture
66
- right angles to the length of the bone
Transverse fracture
67
- take a helical course around the bone
Spiral fracture
68
- run obliquely in relation to the length of the bone
Oblique fracture
69
- have rough, toothed, broken ends
Dentate fracture
70
- have breakage lines radiating from a central point
Stellate fracture
71
- a critical physiological regulator
Calcium
72
osteoclasts remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to
Increase
73
Osteoblast deposit calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to
Decrease
74
- Increases bone breakdown
- prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation
- prevents osteoporosis (bone demineralization)
Parathyroid
75
- steroid hormone
- increases blood calcium levels
- increase osteoclast activity
Calcitriol
76
- lowers blood calcium level
Calcitonin
77
How many bones does adults have?
206
78
Total axial bones
80
79
Total appendicular bones
126
80
4 categories of bone shape
1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
81
4 categories of bone shape
1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
82
- longer than they are wide
- enhances function in movement of appendages
Long bones
83
- approximately as wide as they are long
Short bones
84
- strong barrier around soft organs
Flat bones
85
- providing protection while allowing bending or flexing of certain body regions
Irregular bones
86
- consists of 8 cranial bones
- 14 facial bones
- 22 bones
Skull
87
Parietal bones are joined at the midline by
Sagittal suture
88
Frontal bones are joined by
Coronal suture
89
Occipital bones are joined by
Lambdoid suture
90
Temporal lobe are joined by
Squamous suture
91
Points of attachment of neck muscles
Nuchal lines
92
The orbits contain the yes
Frontal bone
93
The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle
Parietal bones
94
- the external suditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum
Temporal bones
95
Provide attachement poits for the tounge, hyoid bone, and pharynx
Styloid process
96
The spinal cord and brain are connected through the foramen magnum
Occipital bone
97
Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities
Sphenoid bone
98
The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum, and the hard palaet separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Ethmoid bone
99
- not attached to other bones
- attachment site for the throat and tongue muscles
Hyoid bone
100
Contains:
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 1 sacral bone
- 1 coccyx bone
Vertebral column
101
Consists of:
- vertebrae
- 12 pairs of ribs (2 of the false ribs are called floating ribs)
- sternum
Thoracic cage
102
- skull
- auditory ossicles
- hyoid bone
- vertebral column
- thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
103
Bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles
Appendicular skeleton
104
- includes scapulae and clavicles
Pectoral girdle
105
Consists of
- arm (humerus)
- forearm (ulna and radius)
- wrist (8 carpal bones)
- hand (5 metacarpal bones, 3 phalanges in each finger, and 2 phalanges in the thumb)
Upper limb
106
Made up of 2 hip bones:
- sacrum
- coccyx
Pelvic girdle
107
Includes:
- thigh (femur)
- leg (tibia and fibula)
- ankle (7 tarsal bones)
- foot (metatarsal bones and phalanges)
Lower limb
108
- bones join together
- fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Joints
109
Articulating surfaces of two bones
- no joint cavity
- little to no movement
- sutures (fontanels)
- syndesmoses (some distance)
- gomphoses (consists of pegs fitted into sockets)
Fibrous joint
110
Hold two bones together by a pad of cartilage
- little to no movement
- synchondroses (hyaline cartilage)
- symphyses (fibrocartilage)
Cartilaginous joints
111
Degree of motion in joints
- synarthroses (nonmovable)
- amohiarthroses (slightly movable)
- diarthroses (freely movable)
112
- allow considerable movement
- mostly at the appendicular skeleton
Synovial joints
113
Space around the articular surfaces
Joint cavity
114
Surrounds the joint cavity
Joint capsule
115
- fibrous connective tissue
- holds bones together permitting flexibility
Joint capsule
116
Produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joint
Synovial membrane
117
Extensions of synovial joint cavities that protects skin, tendons, or bone from structures that rub against them
bursae
118
Synovial joints are classified accoring to shape of the adjoining articular surfaces:
1. Plane (two flat surfaces)
2. Saddle (two saddle-shaped surfaces)
3. Hinge (concave and convex surfaces)
4. Pivot (cylindrical projection inside a ring)
5. Ball-and-socket (rounded surface into a socket)
6. Ellipsoid (ellipsoid concave and convex surfaces)
119
What are the 15 types of movement?
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Hyperextension
4. Plantar flexion
5. Dorsiflexion
6. Abduction
7. Adduction
8. Pronation
9. Supination
10. Eversion
11. Inversion
12. Rotation
13. Circumduction
14. Protraction
15. Retraction
120
Bending movement that decreases the angle of joints to bring the articulating bones closer together
Flexion
121
Straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones
Extension
122
extension of joint beyond 180'
Hyperextension
123
Movement of foot towards the plantar surface, as standing on the toes
Plantar flexion
124
Movement of foot towards the shin, as walking on the heels
Dorsiflexion
125
Away from the median or midsaggital plane
Abduction
126
Movement towards the median plane
Adduction
127
Palm faces down
Pronation
128
Palm faces up
Supination
129
Foot faces plantar laterally
Eversion
130
Foot faces plantar medially
Inversion
131
Turning along its long axis
Rotation
132
Moves in tracing the joint (free movement)
Circumduction
133
Glides anteriorly
Protraction
134
Glides posteriorly
Retraction
135
Symptoms:
- pain and stiffness espeially in spine
- easily fractured bones
- loss of height
Treatment:
- dietary calcium and vitamin D
- exercuse
- calcitonin
- alendronate
Osteoporosis
136
Abnormally increased body size due to excessive growth at the epiphyseal plate
Gigantism
137
Abnormally small body size due to improper growth at the epiphyseal plate
Dwarfism
138
is the highest around age 30
bone mass
139
Growth retardation due to nutritional deficiencies in minerals or vitamin D; results in bones that are soft, weak, and easily fracture
Rickets
140
Lung bacterium that could also affect bone
Tuberculosis
141
inflammation of a joint; causes include infectious agents, metabolic disorders, trauma, and immune disease
Arthritis
142
softening of adult bones due to calcium depletion; often caused by vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia
143
General connective tissue autoimmune disease
Rheomatoid arthritis
144
Increased productiion and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules
Gout
145
Inflammation of bursa
Bursitis
146
Deformations of the first metatarsal; bursitis may accompany thisdeformity; irritated by tight shoes
Bunion
147
movement of a structure in a superior direction
Elevation
148
movement of a structure in an inferior direction
Depression
149
Movement of a strcture to one side
Excursion
150
A movement unique to the thumb and little finger
Opposition
151
Returns the digits to the anatomical position
Reposition
152
When the bones remain apart after injury to a joint
Separation
153
When the bones of a joint areforcefully pulled apart and the ligaments around the joint are pulled or torn
Sprain
154
When the end of one bone is pulled out of the socket in a ball-and-socket, ellipsoid, or pvot joint
Dislocation
155
- gliding joints
- consist of 2 opposed flat surfaces that glide over each other
Plane joints
156
- consist of 2 saddleshaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other
- joint beween the metacarpal bone and the carpal bone (trapezium) of the thumb
Saddle joints
157
- permit movement in one plane only
*menisci - shock absorbing fribrocartilage pads that modify the flat condylar surface of the knee joint
Hinge joints
158
- restrict movement to rotation around a single axis
- consists of a cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament
Pivot joints
159
- allows a wide range if movement in almost any direction
ball-and-socket joints
160
- condyloid joints
- elongated ball-and-socket joints
Ellipsoid joints
