Chapter 66 - Guyton

Question 1

Damage to which cranial nerves can result in paralysis of significant portions of the swallowing mechanism.

Answer 1

5th, 9th, 10th

Question 2

Achalasia

Answer 2

condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax during swallowing

Question 3

These two substances are unique in that they can actually be absorbed by the stomach lining. They consequently are the most common cause of acute or chronic gastritis.

Answer 3

alcohol and aspirin

Question 4

What is the gastric barrier?

Answer 4

gastric mucosa is lined with highly resistant mucous cells that secrete a viscid and adherent mucus and it has tight junctions between the adjacent epithelial cells

Question 5

Achlorhydria

Answer 5

means simply that the stomach fails to secrete hydrochloric acid

Question 6

Hypochlorhydria

Answer 6

diminished acid secretion

Question 7

Common accompaniment of gastric atrophy and achlorhydria (no intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells).

Answer 7

pernicious anemia

Question 8

Causes of peptic ulcers:

Answer 8

1. High acid and peptic content
2. Irritation
3. Poor blood supply
4. Poor secretion of mucus
5. Infection, H. pylori

Question 9

Most common treatments for gastric ulcers:

Answer 9

antibiotics and acid suppressant drug

Question 10

Lack of pancreatic secretion frequently occurs:

Answer 10

pancreatitis, pancreatic duct is blocked by a gallstone at the papilla of Vater, head of the pancreas has been removed because of malignancy

Question 11

Most common causes of pancreatitis:

Answer 11

excess alcohol intake, blockage of the papilla of Vater by a gallstone

Question 12

Sprue

Answer 12

decreased absorption by the mucosa even though the food is well digested

Question 13

Megacolon or Hirschsprung’s disease

Answer 13

tremendous quantities of fecal matter to accumulate in the colon, causing the colon sometimes to distend to a diameter of 3 to 4 inches (caused by lack of or deficiency of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus in a segment of the sigmoid colon)

Question 14

Enteritis

Answer 14

inflammation usually caused either by a virus or by bacteria in the intestinal tract

Question 15

Ulcerative colitis

Answer 15

disease in which extensive areas of the walls of the large intestine become inflamed and ulcerated

Question 16

antiperistalsis

Answer 16

peristalsis up the digestive tract rather than downward

Question 17

Distention of this area is a particularly strong stimulus for vomiting.

Answer 17

duodenum. this chapter is also a strong stimulus.

Question 18

How does rapidly changing direction induce vomiting?

Answer 18

receptors in the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear–>cerebellum–>chemoreceptor trigger zone–>vomiting center

Question 19

Persistent vomiting can induce whole-body alkalosis/acidosis.

Answer 19

alkalosis

Question 20

Main gases in the large intestine (formed by bacteria—basically what are farts made of).

Answer 20

carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen