Chapter 6a

Question 1

how energy flows through living systems

Answer 1

Bioenergetics

Question 2

All of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells

Answer 2

Metabolism

Question 3

A specific series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate into a final product

Answer 3

metabolic pathway

Question 4

building

Answer 4

anabolism

Question 5

breaking down

Answer 5

catabolism

Question 6

energy associated with objects in motion

Answer 6

kinetic energy

Question 7

energy associated with the potential to do work

Answer 7

potential energy

Question 8

type of potential energy that exists within chemical bonds and is released when those bonds are broken

Answer 8

chemical energy

Question 9

a measurement used to quantify the amount of energy transferred when chemical bonds are broken and others are created during a reaction

Answer 9

free energy

Question 10

Reactions that release free energy

Answer 10

exergonic

Question 11

Reactions that require an input of free energy

Answer 11

endergonic

Question 12

the study of energy and energy transfer in physical matter.

Answer 12

thermodynamics

Question 13

the physical matter involved, and the environment it is in

Answer 13

energy system

Question 14

the amount of randomness or disorder within a system

Answer 14

entropy

Question 15

What is the conceptual difference between anabolic reactions and catabolic reactions? Which requires energy and which releases energy?

Answer 15

Anabolic is building and catabolic is breaking down
Anabolism requires energy and catabolism releases energy

Question 16

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are which types of reactions?

Answer 16

Photosynthesis is anabolic and cellular respiration is catabolic

Question 17

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and potential energy? Given a scenario, be able to identify it as an example of kinetic or potential energy.

Answer 17

Kinetic energy is associated with objects in motion, potential energy is associated with the potential to do work
If released, potential energy could be transferred to kinetic energy

Question 18

How is chemical energy related to potential energy?

Answer 18

Chemical energy is potential energy that exists within chemical bonds and is released when those bonds are broken

Question 19

Be able to identify several common high-energy molecules used to transfer chemical energy:

Answer 19

-ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
-NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

Question 20

Be able to apply the concept of free energy as it relates to exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Answer 20

Reactions that release free energy are exergonic
Reactions that require an input of free energy are endergonic

Question 21

Understand how anabolic and catabolic processes relate to the concepts of endergonic and exergonic reactions.

Answer 21

Anabolic processes require endergonic reactions
Catabolic processes require exergonic reactions

Question 22

Understand how the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied to biological systems.

Answer 22

The laws of thermodynamics are laws of physics that govern the transfer of energy in an among all systems in the universe

Question 23

Are biological systems open or closed systems? Why?

Answer 23

All are open system (energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings)

Question 24

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 24

First-energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy is transferred from place to place/organism to organism

Question 25

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 25

Second-none of the energy transfers are completely efficient In every energy transfer, some of the energy is lost in a form that is usually heat energy

Question 26

Much of the energy lost from every transfer of energy is lost in what form?

Answer 26

Heat energy

Question 27

What is the main energy currency common to all living organisms? Why do cells need this energy currency?

Answer 27

ATP; is an energy supplying molecule that contains within some of its bonds, the potential for quick bursts of transferrable energy

Question 28

What is the basic molecular structure of AMP? What 3 molecules is it composed of?

Answer 28

Adenine bound to a ribose and a single phosphate group

Question 29

How does a molecule of AMP differ from ADP or ATP?

Answer 29

Amount of phosphate groups

Question 30

Which of the bonds in the ATP molecule store the majority of transferable chemical energy?

Answer 30

The bonds that link the phosphates; the third to second are highest

Question 31

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 31

Phosphate bonds are broken using a molecule of water

Question 32

Know and understand the products and reactants of the hydrolysis reaction of ATP to ADP.

Answer 32

ATP+H2OADP+Pi+Free energy

Question 33

What is phosphorylation? What is dephosphorylation?

Answer 33

Binding a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 34

What is energy coupling? How is it applied in the case of the dephosphorylation of ATP?

Answer 34

Strategy where cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed

Question 35

In human (and most animals) cells, a large percentage of ATP is spent powering what pump?

Answer 35

Sodium Potassium Pump

Question 36

Why is the ATP molecule so unstable?

Answer 36

The phosphate groups are negatively charged and repel each other

Question 37

Is the regeneration of ATP from ADP exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 37

Requires energy so it is endergonic

Question 38

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? How is the sodium-potassium pump an example of this?

Answer 38

The energy from de-phosphorylation is used in the same reaction to phosphorylate a different molecule

Question 39

~90% of ATP is regenerated from what type of process? Where does this process occur in eukaryotic cells? In prokaryotic cells?

Answer 39

Oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondria of eukaryotic cells; plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells

Question 40

Oxidative phosphorylation relies on what transport process?

Answer 40

chemiosmosis