Chapter 3

Question 1

Macromolecule

Answer 1

a sub-set of organic molecules that are especially important for life. Their fundamental component is carbon

Question 2

Functional group

Answer 2

groups with specific chemical properties

Question 3

Hydrophobic

Answer 3

water fearing/hating

Question 4

Hydrophilic

Answer 4

water loving

Question 5

Amphipathic

Answer 5

has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (phospholipid)

Question 6

Monomer

Answer 6

long chains of carbon rings with different groups

Question 7

Polymer

Answer 7

combination of many monomers using covalent bonds

Question 8

Denaturation

Answer 8

alteration of the peptide bonds that lead to a change in protein shape and often results in the loss of protein function

Question 9

Name the 4 macromolecules

Answer 9

Lipid, Protein, Carbohydrate, Nucleic Acid

Question 10

Understand how functional groups are classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

Answer 10

A functional group is charged or polar will interact with water and be classified as hydrophilic
A functional group that is not charged or polar would not interact with water and would be hydrophobic

Question 11

4. Know the basic structure of each of the monomers (monosaccharides, hydrocarbon chains, amino acids, and nucleotides) that make up the four macromolecules.

Question 12

What is the basic chemical formula for a carbohydrate?

Answer 12

(CH2O)n

Question 13

What are the 3 subtypes of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Question 14

Classify a monosaccharide based on the number of carbons.

Answer 14

3-7 carbons (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose)

Question 15

Classify a monosaccharide based on the position of the carbonyl group.

Answer 15

If it is at the end of the chain, it is Aldose; If it is the second from the end, it is Ketose

Question 16

For each of the examples of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and fructose) know where they occur in nature, and if they are an aldose or ketose.

Answer 16

Glucose-Energy storage in plants and animals; Aldose
Galactose-Sugars found in milk, also in avocados and beets; Aldose
Fructose-Sugars found in fruits, honey, “root vegetables”; Ketose

Question 17

What type of bond is formed between monomers in a disaccharide?

Answer 17

Glycosidic bond; covalent bond

Question 18

For each of the examples of disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose) know where they occur in nature, and of which two monomers they are composed.

Answer 18

Sucrose-Table sugar; Glucose and Fructose
Lactose-Milk sugar; Glucose and Galactose
Maltose-Malt/grain sugar; Glucose and Glucose

Question 19

For each of the examples of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin) know where they occur in nature.

Answer 19

Starch-stored form of glucose in plants
Glycogen-stored form of glucose in humans and animals
Cellulose-Cell wall in plants (structural)
Chitin-exoskeleton of arthropods and fungal cell walls

Question 20

Know which types of glycosidic bonds lead to branching or straight chain polysaccharides.

Answer 20

1-6 branches the chain; 1-4 is a straight chain

Question 21

What is the distinguishing characteristic of a lipid?

Answer 21

hydrophobic

Question 22

List some of the functions lipids provide.

Answer 22

Long-term fat storage, insulation, building block of many hormones, important for cellular membrane

Question 23

Name the four main types of lipids.

Answer 23

Fats/oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

Question 24

Fats consist of what two basic molecules?

Answer 24

Glycerol and fatty acid

Question 25

What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and a fatty acid?

Answer 25

Ester bond

Question 26

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Answer 26

Saturated is only single bonds between C molecules while unsaturated has hydrocarbon chains with double bonds

Question 27

Which is fat harmful to our health and which is beneficial?

Answer 27

Unsaturated is beneficial while saturated is harmful

Question 28

In what ways do they harm or benefit humans? (fats)

Answer 28

Unsaturated can help to lower cholesterol levels in the bloods while saturated can cause plaque to form in the arteries

Question 29

What does it mean if a fat is monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated?

Answer 29

Monounsaturated means that there is only one double bond while polyunsaturated has more than one double bond in the hydrocarbon

Question 30

Why do some plants utilize waxes?

Answer 30

Conserve water in the plant and birds use to prevent water from sticking to their feathers

Question 31

Where are phospholipids found?

Answer 31

Plasma membrane

Question 32

What is different about the structure of a phospholipid vs a fat?

Answer 32

Fats have 3 fatty acid chains while phospholipids only have 2 fatty acid chains

Question 33

What parts of the phospholipid are hydrophobic and what is hydrophilic?

Answer 33

Hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

Question 34

In a cell membrane, how are the phospholipids arranged?

Answer 34

Two layers with the heads facing out to the environment and the tails touching the other tails

Question 35

In what way are steroids structurally different from other lipids?

Answer 35

Steroids have a fused ring structure

Question 36

What is the most common steroid in the human body and why is it important?

Answer 36

Cholesterol-precursor to Vitamin D, Hormones (testosterone, estrogen), Digestive salts (aid in fat absorption)

Question 37

List several functions of proteins.

Answer 37

Structural, regulatory, contractile, protetive

Question 38

What is the basic monomer that make up proteins?

Answer 38

Amino acids

Question 39

How many different amino acids are there? How are they different?

Answer 39

20 amino acids as a result of 20 different R-groups that give a unique form and function

Question 40

What is the name of the bond linking amino acids together to form peptides?

Answer 40

Peptide bond

Question 41

What is the term used to describe a chain of amino acids?

Answer 41

polypeptide

Question 42

How is a polypeptide different from a protein?

Answer 42

It is only called a protein once the polypeptides are joined together and have a distinct shape and a unique function

Question 43

Name the four levels of protein structure and how they are different.

Answer 43

Primary-sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain Secondary- folding of polypeptide in some regions Tertiary-3d structure with complex chemical interactions mainly with the R-groups Quaternary-polypeptides are sub-units and several join together

Question 44

What are the two most common secondary structures? Which type of bond holds the secondary structures together?

Answer 44

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet; hydrogen bonds

Question 45

Which types of bonds hold the tertiary structure together?

Answer 45

Complex-ionic, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, special disulfide linkages

Question 46

What term describes the polypeptides that interact to form a quaternary structure?

Answer 46

Sub-units

Question 47

Explain what “denaturation” is and give examples of conditions under which it may occur.

Answer 47

Altering bonds in a protein that changes the shape and causes loss of function Temperature, pH, exposure to chemicals

Question 48

Name the two main types of nucleic acids and their functions.

Answer 48

DNA-genetic material in all living organisms, has information to make proteins and RNA products, turns genes on or off RNA-protein synthesis with DNA direction, types

Question 49

What are the monomers that make up nucleic acids called?

Answer 49

Nucleotide-nitrogenous base, phosphate group, pentose sugar

Question 50

How do the monomers differ between DNA and RNA?

Answer 50

DNA-deoxyribose sugar and Thymine RNA-ribose sugar and uracil

Question 51

What is the name of the bond between the phosphate group and the sugar group that joins the backbone of nucleic acid molecules?

Answer 51

Phosphodiester bonds/linkages

Question 52

What type of bond is found linking the nitrogenous bases?

Answer 52

Hydrogen bonds

Question 53

Know whether DNA and RNA is double or single-stranded.

Answer 53

DNA is double RNA is typically single

Question 54

Describe the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in complementary DNA strands.

Answer 54

A double bonds to T C triple bonds to G