Chapter 2

Question 1

Define Biology

Answer 1

Study of life

Question 2

Matter

Answer 2

any substance that occupies space and has mass

Question 3

Element

Answer 3

unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that can not be broken down into smaller substances by normal chemical reactions

Question 4

Atom

Answer 4

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

Question 5

Molecule

Answer 5

two or more atoms chemically bonded

Question 6

Compound

Answer 6

atoms of more than one type of elements chemically bonded

Question 7

Ion

Answer 7

an atom that has gained or lost electrons causing them to develop charges

Question 8

Cation

Answer 8

positive ions formed from losing electrons

Question 9

Anion

Answer 9

negative ions formed from gaining electrons

Question 10

Electron Transfer

Answer 10

movement of electrons from one element to another

Question 11

Reactant

Answer 11

substances used in the beginning of the reaction

Question 12

Product

Answer 12

substances found at the end of the reaction

Question 13

Be able to name several properties that are common to all life.

Question 14

Name the four elements common to all living organisms.

Answer 14

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 15

The structure of an atom – the nucleus and the outer electron shells

Answer 15

Nucleus-the center of the atom that has protons and neutrons
Electron shells- orbit the nucleus, holds electrons

Question 16

Distinguishing characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons and where each is located.

Answer 16

Protons- in the nucleus, one Dalton, positive charge
Neutrons- in the nucleus, one Dalton, neutral/no charge
Electrons-orbit nucleus, insignificant mass, negative charge

Question 17

Atomic number of an element, and the ratio of protons and electrons in a neutral atom.

Answer 17

Atomic number is number of protons, in a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons

Question 18

Who developed the atomic theory and in what year?

Answer 18

Niels Bohr in 1913

Question 19

The nature of the sub-levels (s, p, d, f) of energy shells (1, 2, 3, 4, etc), and how the order the sub-levels fill help determine the likelihood of atomic bonding. (If required for the exam, you will be given the fill order of sub-levels (1s2; 2s2, 2p6; 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10; 4p6, etc.)

Answer 19

First fill the shells closest to the nucleus, the outermost shell determines the stability and likelihood to form bonds **Most stable when the outermost shell is full

Question 20

How the electron configuration determines which types of bonds will be likely to form (electron donated, accepted, shared? How many?).

Answer 20

If the atom has half or more of it shell filled, it will accept until it is full; if less than half is full, it will donate; sharing occurs between two nonmetals that have most of their shell filled

Question 21

The differences between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds, including how they are formed and their relative strengths.

Answer 21

Ionic bonds-donating and accepting of electrons
Covalent bonds-sharing of electrons; relatively stronger
Hydrogen bonds-partial charges made by covalent bonds; commonly the strongest

Question 22

The difference between single, double, and triple covalent bonds.

Answer 22

The more bonds=the higher melting point and closer the atoms are

Question 23

The difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds.

Answer 23

In nonpolar bonds-the two atoms that are sharing are doing so equally while in polar bonds, on atom is pulling the electron and creating a partial negative on itself

Question 24

Discuss life-sustaining properties of water such as cohesion, adhesion, and as potent solvent.

Answer 24

Cohesion-the water molecules are bound to other water molecules and create surface tension
Adhesion-allows water to spontaneously move up the side of a glass or into a capillary tube
Solvent-is easily able to dissolve other things

Question 25

What is a "hydration shell"

Answer 25

The water molecules surround the solute and the charge of the solute particle determines what side of the water molecule attaches to it; water is then able to dissolve the solute

Question 26

Discuss the atomic structure of carbon that makes it an ideal structural backbone of life.

Answer 26

Carbon has four electrons which makes it able to bond to four other molecules to fill its outer shell; this allows for the building of chains; it also forms strong covalent bonds