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Biology 1011 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are nutrients from and what are they used for?

A

From the enviorment and Cellular activites

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2
Q

What kind of substance must be provided for microbial nutrition?

A

Essential nutrients

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3
Q

What are organic nutrients?

A

Nutrients that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms, and they are usually the product of living things

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4
Q

What are inorganic nutrients?

A

Atoms/ molecules that have other elements than carbon or hydrogen

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5
Q

What is the difference between micro-and Marco-nutrients?

A

Macronutrients are required in very large amounts but micronutrients are much smaller and have a different enzyme and protein structure.

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6
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organism that must obtain its carbon in organic form

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7
Q

Are heterotrophs dependent on other life forms?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What must happen to allow heterotrophs to have absorption?

A

Larger molecules must be digested by the cell

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9
Q

what are examples of the LMW compounds that heterotrophs use for absorption?

A

Amino acids, simple sugars, or organic acids (vinegar)

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10
Q

How do autotrophs feed?

A

They are self feeders

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11
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source, and it makes its own polymers protiens

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12
Q

Are Autotrophs nutritent dependent on other living things?

A

No

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13
Q

What is the most common component of inorganic salts?

A

Oxygen

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14
Q

What plays a big role in the structural and enzymatic functions of the cell?

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

What is a major component of carbs, lipids, nucleic acids and protiens?

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

What are some of the roles of hydrogen in the cell?

A

Maintains pH, forming hydrogen bonds between molecules, and serving as the source of free energy in oxidation

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17
Q

What is the main inorganic source?

A

Phosphorus or phosphate

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18
Q

Where is phosphorus found naturally?

A

In rocks and oceaninc mineral deposits

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19
Q

What is the key component of nucleic acids?

A

Phosphorus

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20
Q

Where can sulfur be found?

A

Sulfur can be found widely distributed throughout the environment in rocks and sediments

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21
Q

What is an essential component of vitamin b and amino acids methionine and cysteine?

A

Sulfur

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22
Q

What is a growth factors of essential organic nutrients?

A

Must be provided by the enviorment, an organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous base, or vitamin that cannot be synthesized by an organism

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23
Q

How do photoautotrophs feed?

A

Capture energy from light rays and transform it into chemical energy that can be used for cell metabolism

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24
Q

What do photoautotrophs produce?

A

They produce organic molecule that can be used by themselves and heterotrophs

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25
Q

What do Phototrophs do?

A

microbes that synthesize: photoauto and photoheterotrophs

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26
Q

What do Chemotrophs?

A

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds: photoauto and photoheterotrophs

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27
Q

What do Chemoorganic autotrophs do?

A

use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source

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28
Q

Characteristics of Chemolithoautotrophs

A

require neither sunlight nor organic nutrients and rely totally on inorganic materials

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29
Q

What are methanogens?

A

chemoorganic autotrophs that produce methane from hydrogen gas and O2

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30
Q

How are methanogens formed and where?

A

Formed in anaerobic, hydrogen-containing microenvironments of soil, swamps, mud, or intestines of some animals

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31
Q

What can methan be used as?

A

Methane can be used as fuel and is a greenhouse gas

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32
Q

What makes up the majority of heterotrophic microorganisms?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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33
Q

What is processed by Chemoheterotrophs

A

Organic molecules processed through respiration or fermentation release energy in the form of atp

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34
Q

How are aerobic respiration and photsynthesis related?

A

Aerobic respiration is photsyntheis backwards

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35
Q

What elements are in aerobic respiration

A

Glucose and oxygen are reactants, and carbon dioxide is given off

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36
Q

What is Aerobic respiration

A

main energy-yielding pathway in animals, Protozoa, fungi, and aerobic bacteria

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37
Q

What is dependent on aerobic respiration

A

Earths balance of energy and gasses

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38
Q

What are Saprotrophic or saprobic microorganisms
made up of and why is it important

A

Decomposed of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes, important in recycling nutrients held in organic materials

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39
Q

What do Saprotrophic or saprobic microorganisms do

A

Release enzymes (expenzymes) into the environment to digest food into smaller particles that can be transported inside of the cell

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40
Q

Characteristics of Saprotrophic or saprobic microorganisms

A

Most saprobes have a rigid cell wall and cannot engulf large particles of food

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41
Q

Where do parasitic microorganisms live

A

Live or in the body of a host

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42
Q

Can parasitic Mircoorganisms cause harm?

A

Yes

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43
Q

Why are parasitic organisms considered pathogens

A

Because they can damage tissues and cause death

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44
Q

What are obligate parasites?

A

Parasites that are unable to grow outside of a living host

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45
Q

What are Obligate intracellular parasites?

A

spend all or part of living their life cycle inside a host cell

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46
Q

What is done during nutrient absorption?

A

Necessary nutrients must be taken into the cell and waste materials must be transported out of the cell

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47
Q

Where does transportation occur during nutrient absorption?

A

Across the cell membrane

48
Q

____________ _____________ are made up of decomposed plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes

A

Saprotrophic or saprobic microorganisms

49
Q

what is important in recycling nutrients held in organic materials

A

Saprotrophic or saprobic microorganisms

50
Q

What has rigid cell walls and cannot engulf large particles of food?

A

Bacteria and fungi

51
Q

What realeases renzymes into the enviorment to digest food into smaller particles that can be transported into the cell?

A

Saprotrophic or saprobic microorganisms

52
Q

what lives on or in the body and causes some degree of harm to the host?

A

Parasite

53
Q

Why are paratises considered pathogens

A

Because they can damage tissuses and cause death

54
Q

Obligate parasites?

A

Unable to grow outside of a living cell

55
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites?

A

Spend all or part of their life living inside a host cell

56
Q

How do microbes feed?

A

Nutrient absorption

57
Q

How does nutrient absorption work

A

Necessary nutrients must be taken into the cell and waste must be transported out of the cell

58
Q

Where does transport happen during nutrient absorption

A

Across the cell membrane

59
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules in a gradient from an area of higher concentration or density to a lower

60
Q

What can diffuse freely through the membrane

A

O2, N2,CO2 and Steriods

61
Q

What is osmosis

A

the move to of water across a selectively permeable membrane, water moves from a higher water content to a low water content

62
Q

What are isotonic conditions?

A

When the solute concentration in the enviorment s equal to cell space .9% NaCl

63
Q

Solute concentration of the enviomrent is lower than that of the cell

A

Hypotonic conditions

64
Q

What is the most hypotonic enviomrent

A

Pure water

65
Q

Enviomrent outside the cell has alight concentration of solutes than inside

A

Hypertonic conditions

66
Q

What limits the growth of microbes

A

Hypertonic conditions

67
Q

what is active transport

A

transport against concentration gradient, needs energy

68
Q

what are the types of active transport

A

Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Exocytosis

69
Q

what is Endocytosis

A

transports large particles and or liquids inside cell (import): microvilli structures of intestinal epithelial cells absorb solid droplets

70
Q

what is Phagocytosis

A

(solid import) endocytosis by amoebas and certain white blood cells (white blood cells, aka macrophages): ingest whole bacteria or particles or viruses

71
Q

what is Pinocytosis

A

(liquid Import): entry of oils or molecules in solution into the cell
Exocytosis: transport of particles/ liquid outside of the cell (export)

72
Q

what environmental factors influence microbes

A

Heat, cold, gasses, acid, radiation, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure other microbes

73
Q

Minimum temperatures (lowest extreme)

A

the lowest temp that permits a microbes continued growth and metabolism
Below this temp, activity is limited

74
Q

Maximum temperature (highest extreme):

A

highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can proceed
Enzymes and nucleic acids will become denatured and the cell will die

75
Q

Optimum temperature (in the middle)

A

intermediate temperature range between minimum and maximum
Promoted fastest rate of growth and metabolism

76
Q

what are Psychrophiles

A

organisms have an optimum temperature below 15c
Capable of growth at 0c, cannot grow above 20c

77
Q

how do Psychrotolerants grow

A

grow slowly in the cold, optimum temp 15c-30c

78
Q

what temperatures work for Mesophiles:

A

individual species grow 10c-50c optimum: 20c-40c
Most human pathogens: 30c to 40c ( @human body temp, 98f)

79
Q

what temps and environments do Thermophiles live in

A

grow optimally at temps above 45c (higher than 110f)
Live in soil/water associated w/ volcanic activity, compost piles, sun
Range of growth: 45c to 80c, extremophiles grow between 80c and 124c (100c=boiling point of water)

80
Q

what are the three categories that microbes can fall under

A

1) those that use oxygen and can detoxify it
2) Those that can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it
3) Those that do not use oxygen but can detoxify it

81
Q

what are the characteristics of Singlet oxygen

A
  • very reactive produced both living and non living processes
  • Produced by phagocytes (macrophages to kill pathogens
  • Buildup of singlet oxygen and the oxidation products molecules can damage or destroy a cell (breaks down polymers
82
Q

what are Obligate aerobes

A

an organism that connot grow without oxygen (human and certain bacteria

83
Q

Characteristics of facultative anaerobe

A

runs aerobic respiration (make atp) when O2 is present
Does not require o2 for its metabolism (manufactures atp either using anaerobic respiration- with NO3,SO4, or ferments)

84
Q

True or false: aerotolerant anaerobes use oxygen

A

False

85
Q

Characteristics of aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not use o2 at all (runs anaerobic respiration or ferments at all times)
Can survive and grow to a limited extent in its presence of O2, bc they can break down peroxides and superoxides

86
Q

Anaerobe(anaerobic microorganism)

A

lacks the enzymes for using oxygen in respiration
Strict or obligate anaerobes and will die if O2 is present
Live in highly reduced habitats such as deep muds, lakes, oceans, and soil

87
Q

Culturing types for anaerobes

A

glove bag: less fancy,
controlled atmospheric chamber more fancy
Jar- cannot be used for obligate anaerobes

88
Q

The degree of acidity or alkalinity for a solution

A

PH

89
Q

What is the pH of pure water

A

7 or neutral

90
Q

How does the pH scale work

A

0 more acidic, 14 most alkaline

91
Q

Characteristics of Obligate acidophilies

A

Require an acidic environment for growth
Molds and yeasts tolerate acid and are common spoilage agents of pickled foods

92
Q

Characteristics of Alkaliphiles (or alkalinophiles)

A

Live in hot pools and solid that contain high levels of basic materials
Bacteria that decompose urine create alkaline conditions

93
Q

Where do osmophiles live

A

In habitats with high solute concentration

94
Q

Habitats of Obligate halophiles

A

Require high concentrations of salt for growth (9 to 25% of NaCl)
Have significant modifications of their cell walls & membranes and will die in hypotonic habitats; live in super salty water bodies (salt lakes, Dead Sea)

95
Q

Habitats of Facultative halophiles

A

Resistant to salt, but don’t normally live in there (seasonal drying, salty ponds)

96
Q

What are basophils

A

deep sea microbes: 1000 times atmospheric pressure
Rupture when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

97
Q

Antagonism (between microbes)

A

Sorta like competion, happens when memebers of a community compete.

One microbe secretes chemical substances into the surrounding environment that inhibit or destroy other microbes

98
Q

What are antibiotics

A

A form of antagonism, penicillin

99
Q

Symbiosis

A

a general term used to donate a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership

100
Q

What is mutualism

A

(++) both benefit, happens when the organisms live in a mutually beneficial relationship (ex: e.coli: produces vitamin K, we give it food)

101
Q

What is commensalism

A

Relationship benefits (plus) one member and does not harm the other

102
Q

What is parasitism or predation

A

(+-) in this case the host provides habitat and nutrients, multiplication causes some form of multipulcation

103
Q

What are biofilm

A

biofilms are mixed comminutes of different kinds of bacteria and other microbes plus their extracellular organic compounds (usually polysaccharide): forms a cemented bacterial layer

104
Q

What are the steps of population growth

A

1) a young cell
2) Chromosome is replicated and new and old chromosomes move to different sides of cell
3)Protein band forms in center of cell
4)Septum formation
5)When septum is complete cells are considered divided. Some species will separate completely as shown here, while others remain attached forming chains or doublets

105
Q

What is binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction predation of the body into two new bodies

106
Q

Steps of binary fission

A

-parent cell enlarges chromosomes (DNA) and other organelles are duplicated
-Cell envelope pulls together in the center of the cell to form a wall to wall protein band
-Septum formation (newly forming divider) begins
-Cell divides into two daughter cells

107
Q

Population/ exponential growth

A

generation time or doubling time

108
Q

How does the population grow each fission cycle

A

The population doubles each cycle

109
Q

Lag phase

A

flat period on the graph: no apparent growth due to adjustment

110
Q

Exponential growth or log phase

A

-period during which the growth rate increases dramatically numbers grow exponentially (geometric progression 2,4,8,16,32
-Will continue as long as adequate nutrients and environment

111
Q

Stationary growth phase

A

survival mode: stop growing or grow slowly due to nutrient limitations (because they ate everything)

112
Q

Death phase

A

-limiting factors intensify, cells dis at an exponential rate
-Curve dips downward
-Microbes in the exponential phase are more vulnerable to antibacterial agents (i.e, penicillin will kill growing cells faster
-Actively growing cells are more vulnerable to factors disrupting metabolism and binary fission

113
Q

What is a batch reader (bacteria cultivation)

A

Media is loaded, bacteria (or yeasts) are inoculated, the reactor is sealed and let grow for a while. Cells display typical growth curve (as nutrients are depleted, they begin to die) example: beer making

114
Q

Continuous growth system aka (chemostat)

A

-Continuous culture system (continuous bioreactor) that allows a steady stream of new nutrients and removes the spent media (waste)
-Maintains the culture in a biochemically active state and prevents it from entering the death phase
-Industrial application; industrial antibiotic production: some antibiotics are produced by fungi (bacteria) only in stationary phase: chemostat allows tweaking to make culture stay in it

115
Q

Direct microscopic count (eye)

A

-direct total cell count: (bacterial and blood cells)
-Cells in a sample are counted microscopically by eye
-Uses a counting chamber (drop spread over a pre measured grid)
-Pros: precise
-Cons: laborious (highly trained personnel, really slow)

116
Q

Flow cytometer & coulter counter

A

-coulter counter and flow cytometer (automated)
-Electronically scans cells as it passes through a hole
-Cells are detected (light scattering) and made into signals
-Flow cytometer: combines this with live/dead staining
-Allows to count live and dead cells separately
-Pros; high efficiency
-Cons; can underestimate clustered cells

117
Q

New methods of analyzing population growth

A

quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 4-6hr, Test that measure ATP (10-30 mins): ATP is intact in only live cells

Biology 1011 (4 decks)

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