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Biology 1011 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

All chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

[a type of metabolism for microbes]
-Break the bonds of larger molecules
-Degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules, a process that yields energy (catabolism)
-Release energy, energy is conserved in the form of ATP or dissipates it as heat

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

[Type of microbe metabolism]
-Biosynthesis: synthesis of cell molecules and structures
-Requires energy input
-Assembles smaller molecules into large macromolecules for the cell, utilizing energy from breaking down ATP

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4
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

-speed up the rate of a chemical reaction w/o being consumed in reaction
-Enzymes lower the activation energy allowing the reaction to proceed

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5
Q

what are most enzymes composed of

A

Protien

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6
Q

what acts as an organic catalyst to speed up the rate of cellular reactions

A

Enzymes

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7
Q

What is the action of enzymes

A

lower the activation energy required for reaction

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8
Q

What enables metabolic reactions to proceed in conditions and speed compatible with life

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

What is the AS for enzymes

A

(Active site) where the substrate binds, and some other sites

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10
Q

What has a limited range (optimum) conditions they are active: pH, temp. If falls outside those conditions, can get denatured: destroyed

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

Are enzymes much larger than their substarates?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What can be regulated by feed back and genetic mechanisms and recycled

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

What is a substrate

A

reactant molecules upon which enzymes act

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14
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They bind with substrates and it causes a change in the substrate and this process can happen over and over

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15
Q

What is a simple enzyme

A

Just an enzyme that consist of a protien alone

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16
Q

What is a holoenzyme

A

They contain protien and some other non profit molecule

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17
Q

What is the protien portion of the enzyme called

A

Apoenzyme

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18
Q

What is a cofactor

A

A non profit protien (inorganic or organic

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19
Q

What are coenzymes

A

Organic cofactors- they can detach from the Apoenzyme

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20
Q

What is the active site of the apoenzyme called

A

Catalytic site

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21
Q

What is the structre of a Apoenzyme

A

Each enzyme has a different structure. Usually it folded like a gumball (tertiary structure), or it has a quaternary structure (made of more than 1 chain), it is unique and depends on the amino acid sequence (primary structure)

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22
Q

What is the active site in a enzyme

A

An actual place in the enzyme where the substrate binds

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23
Q

What are examples of metallic cofactors

A

Iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, zinc, cobalt, selenium

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24
Q

What do cofactors do do?

A

Assist with precise functions between enzymes and substrates like: chemical reactions, helping to brin the active site and the substrate closer

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25
What are coenzymes
Organic compounds that work with the Apoenzyme to alter the substrate
26
What is an important component of coenzymes?
Vitamins
27
How do coenzymes work?
-Remove a chemical group from one substrate and add it to another substrate -Carry and transfer hydrogen atoms, electrons, carbon dioxide and amino acids
28
In biology what do “endo” and “exo” mean
Endo= inside Exo=outside
29
Where are exoenzymes transported
They are transported extracellularly, outside of the cell
30
What do exoenzymes do
They break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals Example: some pathogens secrete exoenzymes to avoid host defense mechanisms and promote multiplications in tissues. Example: Saprotrophs (free living bacteria): use exoenzymes to digest the dead animals/ leaves- degrade leaves and dead trees
31
Where do endozymes reside
They stay inside the bacteria cell
32
constitutive enzymes
Always present in relatively constant amounts, regardless of the cellular environment
33
How do regulated enzymes work?
Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of substrate
34
Why are most enzymes regulated
Most enzymes are regulated, because producing enzyme at all times is costly, (energy consuming) because it requires ATP
35
What are the chemical reactions associated with regulated enzymes
Chemical reactions in the body most often are combines into metabolic pathways , (bunch of consequent reactions) where there final product do one reaction serves as a substrate for the next reaction
36
what us the series of metabolic pathways
-Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme -The product of on reaction is often the reactant (substrate) for the nest -Many pathways have branches that have alternate methods for nutrient processing -Some pathways take a cyclic form -Pathways are interconnected and merged at many sites -Enzymatic reactions (as we noted earlier) are most often regulated (can be turned on and off)
37
what are the two types of binding sites that enzyme can have?
the active site and the regulatory site
38
how are enzymes regulated
The enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate to the regulatory site
39
what happens when enzyme are regulated
When those regulatory molecules bind to that site, that changes the confirmation (shape) of the whole enzyme, making its active site inactive (can’t bind substrate anymore)
40
what is usually the product of the enzymatic reaction
the regulatory molecule
41
What must happen in order for a an enzyme to do its job
in order for enzyme to do its job, the substrate molecule binds to the active site of the enzyme (created by the unique 3D “folding” of each enzyme )
42
What happens in competitive inhibition
a molecule that resembles the substrate occupies the active site, preventing the substrate from binding
43
What happens when regulatory enzymes bind
that changes the confirmation (shape) of the whole enzyme, making its active site inactive (can’t bind substrate anymore)
44
What type of energy reactions occur in cells
Exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions
45
How do exergonic reactions work
They release enegry as they go forward, the energy is availed for doing cellular work
46
What is required for endergonic reactions to move forward
Energy
47
Are endergonic and exergonic reactions usually coupled
Yes, they usually happen in the same space and time
48
What kind of reaction is atp synthesis
Endergonic
49
What is the redox pair
Electron donor and electron receptor
50
Characteristics of the electron carrier NAD
Most common electron carrier Carriers hydrogens and a pair of electrons from dehydration reactions Reduced
51
Aerobic metabolism
oxygen is the final electron acceptor
52
Anaerobic metabolism
come other inorganic or organic compound
53
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
Three part molecule adenine: nitrogen base Ribose: 5 carbon sugar Three phosphate groups bonded to the ribose Bulky and have a negative charge Repelling electrostatic charged imposes a strain between the last two phosphate groups Removal of phosphates releases free energy
54
What is the primary energy current of the cell
ATP and substrate level phosphorilation
55
When ________ is used in a chemcial reaction, it must be replaced
atp
56
_______ utilization (releases E) and replenishment (consumed E) is an ongoing cycle
ATP
57
substrate levels phos-n, oxidative phosphoriation, and photoosphorilation
Three forms of ATP synthesis
58
What are other ways that atp synthesis can happen
Oxidative phosphorylationm bad regular photo-phosphorilation
59
What is oxidative phosphorylation
A series of redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway, called Electron Transfer Chain or electron transport system (ET, or ETC, or ETS) Yields a lot more ATPs than substrate level phs-n
60
What is Photophosphorylation?
ATP formed through a series of sunlight-driven reactions in phototrophs (during light phase of photosynthesis) Yields a lot more ATP molecues than substrate level phs-n

Biology 1011 (4 decks)

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