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Biology 1011 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability to react with multiple foreign substances

A

immunocompetence or memory

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2
Q

functions of an antigen (immunogens)

A
  • Chemical substances that stimulate a response by T and B cells
  • Protein or polysaccharide molecules on or inside cells/ viruses
  • Usually, our own antigens do not evoke a response from our own immune system
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3
Q

characteristics of specific immunity

A

specificity, diversity, inducibility, clonality, memory (immunocompetence), immunotolerance, autoimmune disorders

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4
Q

highly specific to the antigen

A

specificity

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5
Q

always at least one cell that can react against any antigen

A

diversity

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6
Q

is only “on” when triggered by antigen

A

inducibility

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7
Q

Rapid attack of T and B cells that have been pre-programmed to recall their first encounter with same pathogen, attack faster second time

A

Memory: (immunocompetence)

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8
Q

Does not react with self antigens. During maturation, the cells that do are eliminated (clonal deletion)

A

immunotolerance

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9
Q

arise when “forbidden clones” are allowed to proliferate and react with self-antigens

A

autoimmune disorders

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10
Q

what body parts have to do with B-Cells

A

special bone marrow sites located in the spleen, and lymph nodes

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11
Q

what body parts have to do with T-Cells

A

thymus, lymph nodes and spleen

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12
Q

characteristics of MHC type I proteins

A

-appear on all body cells including WBC
-each human inherits a particular combos of class I MHC genes
-seen as the Drivers License

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13
Q

characteristics of MHC II proteins

A

-“the security guard”
-found in some cells (macrophages, dendritic, and B cells)
- antigens are bound to it
-

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14
Q

activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells

A

helper T cells

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15
Q

control or regulatory the T-cell response

A

Regulatory T cells

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16
Q

lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign” cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

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17
Q

how do b cells respond to antigen

A

When activated by antigen, a B cell proliferates and differentiates, giving rise to plasma cell clones and memory cells

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18
Q

how do b cells mature

A

bone marrow stem cells become granulocytes, monocytes, or lymphocytes (b and T cells) in the bone marrow

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19
Q

what are T cell receptors made of ?

A

TWO Chains (1+1) , has variable end (business end) the antigen binding region and constant end (anchored to membrane)

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20
Q

How so many T cell receptors were created?

A

T cell receptor is similar to the BCR: binds to antigen (antigen binding site) by variable chains, top parts

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21
Q

What different in T cell receptor

A

binds to MHC I and II of APC; needs APC (antigen presenting cell) to become activated

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22
Q

Variety of Ag binding site?

A

made through the somatic gene recombination

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23
Q

Six (6) Antibody Functions

A

-Binding to bacteria and neutralizing them
-Help macrophages (opsonized bugs are easily consumed)
-Neutralization –binding to viral proteins)
-Agglutination: “clumping” of bacterial cells
-Attract complement to kill bugs
-Binding to protein toxins (and neutralizing it

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24
Q

types of immunity

A

passive, active, artificial, and natural

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25
Passive immunity
Means that there are no memory cells
26
Active immunity
Includes memory cells
27
Artificial immunity
Introduced artificially like by a doctor
28
Natural immunity
Happens spontaneously
29
What is artificial passive immunization
An injection of pre made antibodies (contains no memory (b and T cells) does not last
30
Characterisitics of artificial passive immunization
(taken from some immune patients or manufactured in the lab) and injected into patients; Protection lasts 2 to 3 months, Used for treatment for primary immunodeficiency: (born with it), or acquired (like HIV/AIDS)
31
Types of vaccines
Live (attenuated), subunit, DNA or mRNA, natural active immunity
32
Characteristics of live (attenuated) vaccines
-weakens the whole cells or viruses - provides long lasting protection -usually fewer doses
33
Characteristics of subunit vaccines
-part of pathogenic organisms (lipopolysaccharides, exotoxins)
34
Characteristics of DNA or mRNA vaccines
-pathogenic DNA or mRNA is used and it is introduced into the human -human own cells will manufacture the foreign protien (like the spike from covid 19 vaccine) based on the dna or rna -the foreign protiens recognized by us as foreign antigens and the active immune response is made
35
Characteristics of natural active immunity
-primary and secondary immune response (no shortcut, you go through full blown disease , memory cells are created
36
Common side effects of vaccines
-reactions at the injection site -fever -some people have allergies
37
Types of hypersensitivitya
Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV
38
What is hypersensitivity
–inappropriate immune response that results in host damage
39
Two major types of hypersensitivity
two major types of hypersensitivity: antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
40
How re hypersensitivity diseases categorized
according to antigens and effector mechanisms that produce disease
41
Allergy
Antibody-mediated immediate hypersensitivity
42
What causes allergies
Caused by release of vasoactive products from I g E antibody-coated mast cells
43
Can allergies be life threatening
Yes, anaphylaxis
44
Autoimmune conditions
Occur when T and B cells are activated to produce immune reactions against self proteins
45
Two need to know auto immune disorders
-Type 1 diabetes mellitus: congenital (inherited) (pancreas is affected), type IV : cell-mediated immunity against the beta cells of pancreas: causes its destruction, inability to produce insulin –Rheumatoid arthiritis (cartillage is affected): autoantibodies against your own IgG, make complexes and deposited into cartillage tissue causing inflammation and damage
46
Immunodeficiency
Active adaptive immunity is critical for infectious disease resistance
47
SCID
–Severe combined immune deficiency syndrome (S C I D) is a serious, congenital deficiency of both B and T cells ▪Patients live a restricted life, limiting their exposure to pathogens (“Boy in the Bubble” syndrome)
48
AIDS
–Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by H I V infection that progresses and kills C D4+ T cells ▪Patients are prone to opportunistic infections and cancer, since they are deficient in T cell help
49
What are the three categories of identifying genus and species
Phenotypic, immunologic, genotypic
50
Describe phenotypic identification
Observation of microbe’s microscopic and macroscopic morphology, physiology, and biochemical properties (a lot of “tube” tests: change of the color of the medium)
51
Describe immunologic identification
Analysis of microbe using antibodies, or of patients’ antibodies using pre-made antigens (factory)
52
Describe genotypic identification
Analysis of microbe’s DNA or RNA (electrophoresis)
53
Types of specimen collection
Saliva, mouth swab, skin swab, blood work, unripe samples, spinal tap, feces
54
What is the first step of lab technique
First you have to analyze the patient for any symptoms of a microbial infection - fever, wound issues, mucus production, abnormal lesions
55
What is the second step in lab technique
Specimen collection and analysis
56
What are direct test done in the lab
Microscopic, immunologic, and genetic methods
57
Used to encourage the growth of the suspended pathogen
Selective media
58
Let’s a group of closely related microbes to grow demonstrate different characteristics & fermentation types
Differential media
59
Production of acid and or gas. Hydrolysis of gelatin, starch, and other polymers
Carbohydrate fermentation
60
What are the three actions of enzymes
Catalase, oxidase, coagulase various by products of metabolism
61
A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters
Dichotomous key
62
Modern serological methods
Sera, urine, spinal fluid, whole tissue, saliva
63
Agglutination
( a “rough”test): ABO blood type -Antigens are whole cells such as RBCs, bacteria, or viruses displaying surface antigens -The positive test result is a clearly visible clumping
64
Precipitation
(fine –tuned) -Antigen is a soluble molecule (requires multiple dilutions) -A cloudy zone forms where antigen –a/b reaction occurs
65
What things happen in both precipitation and agglutination
When antigen and antibody concentrations are optimal, antigen is interlinked by several antibodies to form insoluble aggregates that settle out in solution
66
Where can lateral flow test be found
They can be found in drug store pregnancy test and raid strep throat test in the doctors office
67
How do lateral flow test work?
Antigen and antibody reaction results in color change
68
What is a fluorescent antibody
An antibody labeled by a flourescent dye
69
Unknown test specimen or antigen is fixed to a slide and exposed to a FAb solution of known composition
Direct testing
70
Antibodies used recognize the Fc region of antibodies in patient serum
Indirect testing
71
Known antibody is absorbed to a well and incubated with an unknown antigen
Direct Elisa
72
How do you know if the direct ELISA is positive?
The color will change
73
Antigen or antibody is introduced into a patient to elicit some sort of visible reaction
In Vito testing
74
What causes the appearance id a red, raised, thickened lesion
It’s called the tuberculin reaction, once the patient is injected with a small amount of purified protien derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicating that you have had tuberculosis
75
What is the purpose of a specificity test
test to focus on only a certain antibody or antigen
76
Specificity does not react with______
Unrelated or distantly related antigens

Biology 1011 (4 decks)

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