Chapter 9

Question 1

what is genetics

Answer 1

is the study of inheritance or heredity that explores:
-The transmission of biological properties (traits) from parents to offspring
-How those traits are expressed
-The structure and function of the genetic material
-How this material changes

Question 2

what are the levels of genetic study

Answer 2

-organism level
-cell level
-chromosome level
-molecular level

Question 3

genome

Answer 3

the sum total of genetic material of an organism
- most exist in the form of chromosomes
- some may appear in nonchromosomal forms (plasmids

Question 4

genomic

Answer 4

the study of an organisms entire gnome

Question 5

chromosome

Answer 5

a neatly packed double stranded DNA molecule (highly supercoiled)

Question 6

eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 6

located in the nucleus; they vary in number from a few to hundreds; they can occur in pairs (diploid) or singles (haploid)

Question 7

Bacterial chromosomes

Answer 7

Usually single, circular chromosome, although some bacteria have multiple

Question 8

Genes

Answer 8

Basic informational packets

Question 9

Genetics

Answer 9

Classicical genetics: gene is a functional unit of heredity
Proffered definition; a segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make one protien or one RNA

Question 10

Genotype

Answer 10

The sum of all types of genes contituting an organism’s distinctive genetic makeup (ex: A is a brown color allele, a is a blue color allele

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

The epression of the geneotype that creates certain structures (eye color)

Question 12

What is the basic unit of DNA

Answer 12

A nucleotide

Question 13

What is the structre of DNA

Answer 13

Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar, Nitrogenous base

Question 14

What are the two nitrogenous bases

Answer 14

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 15

What pairs with Adenine (A)

Answer 15

Thymine (T) the two always pair together

Question 16

What pairs with Guanine (G)

Answer 16

Cytosine (C) the two always pair together

Question 17

What is antiparallel arrangement

Answer 17

One side of the doubke helix runs in the opposite direction of the other
- 5’ to 3’ in one direction and 3’ to 5’ in the other direction
- this is a significant factor in DNA synthesis and protien production

Question 18

What is the function of the helicase enzyme

Answer 18

Breaks h bonds, it unzips the DNA helix breaks the hydrogen bonds

Question 19

What does the primase enzyme do

Answer 19

Synthesize an RNA primers

Question 20

What is DNA polymerase III

Answer 20

The main polymerase: adds bases to the new DNA chain; proofreads for mistakes

Question 21

What is DNA polymerase I

Answer 21

Secondary polymerase; removes primer closes gaps, repairs mismatches

Question 22

What is DNA ligase

Answer 22

The final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

Question 23

What does Topoisomerase I do

Answer 23

Makes single-stranded DNA breaks to remove supercoiling at origin

Question 24

What does Topoisomerase II do

Answer 24

Making double-stranded DNA breaks to remove supercoiling ahead of origin and separate replicated daughter DNA molecules

Question 25

What is a primer when talking about DNA

Answer 25

A length of RNa that is inserted initially during replication before being replaced by DNA

Question 26

What is the replication fork

Answer 26

the place in the helix where thr strands are unwound and replication is taking place

Question 27

What is transcription

Answer 27

DNA is used to synthesize RNA (nucleotides)

Question 28

What is translation

Answer 28

RNA used to produce protiens (to amino acids)

Question 29

What are the exceptions of central dogma

Answer 29

-A wide variety of RNAs are used to regulate gene function: the DNA that codes for them was once called “junk” DNA - in retroviruses the flow of into occurs backwards (RNA to DNA)

Question 30

What is proteomics

Answer 30

The study of an organisms complete set of expressed protiens

Question 31

mRNA

Answer 31

a copy of a sense strand of the DNA worth of one protein (made based on the anti-sense using complementary interaction, by RNA polymerase). In some cases, mRNA is polycistronic (contains info on MORE than 1 protein, in operons in bacteria)

Question 32

tRNA

Answer 32

clover leaf RNA molecule (due to secondary :stem-loop” structures formed in places where bases are complimentary) (see pic 4 at the end),

Question 33

What are the three stages of translation

Answer 33

Initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 34

Acceptor site where the new tRNA carrying new a/a comes in

Answer 34

A site

Question 35

P site

Answer 35

Acceptor site where tRNA with growing chain is located