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Biology 1011 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is genetics

A

is the study of inheritance or heredity that explores:
-The transmission of biological properties (traits) from parents to offspring
-How those traits are expressed
-The structure and function of the genetic material
-How this material changes

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2
Q

what are the levels of genetic study

A

-organism level
-cell level
-chromosome level
-molecular level

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3
Q

genome

A

the sum total of genetic material of an organism
- most exist in the form of chromosomes
- some may appear in nonchromosomal forms (plasmids

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4
Q

genomic

A

the study of an organisms entire gnome

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5
Q

chromosome

A

a neatly packed double stranded DNA molecule (highly supercoiled)

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6
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

located in the nucleus; they vary in number from a few to hundreds; they can occur in pairs (diploid) or singles (haploid)

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7
Q

Bacterial chromosomes

A

Usually single, circular chromosome, although some bacteria have multiple

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8
Q

Genes

A

Basic informational packets

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9
Q

Genetics

A

Classicical genetics: gene is a functional unit of heredity
Proffered definition; a segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make one protien or one RNA

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10
Q

Genotype

A

The sum of all types of genes contituting an organism’s distinctive genetic makeup (ex: A is a brown color allele, a is a blue color allele

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

The epression of the geneotype that creates certain structures (eye color)

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12
Q

What is the basic unit of DNA

A

A nucleotide

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13
Q

What is the structre of DNA

A

Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar, Nitrogenous base

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14
Q

What are the two nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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15
Q

What pairs with Adenine (A)

A

Thymine (T) the two always pair together

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16
Q

What pairs with Guanine (G)

A

Cytosine (C) the two always pair together

17
Q

What is antiparallel arrangement

A

One side of the doubke helix runs in the opposite direction of the other
- 5’ to 3’ in one direction and 3’ to 5’ in the other direction
- this is a significant factor in DNA synthesis and protien production

18
Q

What is the function of the helicase enzyme

A

Breaks h bonds, it unzips the DNA helix breaks the hydrogen bonds

19
Q

What does the primase enzyme do

A

Synthesize an RNA primers

20
Q

What is DNA polymerase III

A

The main polymerase: adds bases to the new DNA chain; proofreads for mistakes

21
Q

What is DNA polymerase I

A

Secondary polymerase; removes primer closes gaps, repairs mismatches

22
Q

What is DNA ligase

A

The final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

23
Q

What does Topoisomerase I do

A

Makes single-stranded DNA breaks to remove supercoiling at origin

24
Q

What does Topoisomerase II do

A

Making double-stranded DNA breaks to remove supercoiling ahead of origin and separate replicated daughter DNA molecules

25
Q

What is a primer when talking about DNA

A

A length of RNa that is inserted initially during replication before being replaced by DNA

26
Q

What is the replication fork

A

the place in the helix where thr strands are unwound and replication is taking place

27
Q

What is transcription

A

DNA is used to synthesize RNA (nucleotides)

28
Q

What is translation

A

RNA used to produce protiens (to amino acids)

29
Q

What are the exceptions of central dogma

A

-A wide variety of RNAs are used to regulate gene function: the DNA that codes for them was once called “junk” DNA
- in retroviruses the flow of into occurs backwards (RNA to DNA)

30
Q

What is proteomics

A

The study of an organisms complete set of expressed protiens

31
Q

mRNA

A

a copy of a sense strand of the DNA worth of one protein (made based on the anti-sense using complementary interaction, by RNA polymerase). In some cases, mRNA is polycistronic (contains info on MORE than 1 protein, in operons in bacteria)

32
Q

tRNA

A

clover leaf RNA molecule (due to secondary :stem-loop” structures formed in places where bases are complimentary) (see pic 4 at the end),

33
Q

What are the three stages of translation

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

34
Q

Acceptor site where the new tRNA carrying new a/a comes in

A

A site

35
Q

P site

A

Acceptor site where tRNA with growing chain is located

Biology 1011 (4 decks)

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